Eastern African Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
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The Generation that Refused to Inherit? Political Socialisation, Digital Counter-Publics and Kenya's Contested Generational Transition, 2024–2025
Kenya's Gen Z uprising began on 18 June 2024 and peaked between 25 June and mid-July 2024, when nationwide demonstrations against the Finance Bill 2024 forced the Bill's withdrawal and the Cabinet's dissolution. It recurred, in altered form and with different proximate triggers, through the protests of June and July 2025. Existing analyses have interpreted the uprising principally through digital mobilisation. This article argues that such accounts describe the mechanism of coordination while leaving unexplained the process of political formation that accompanied it. We advance the Socialisation Rupture model — inherited socialisation order, reproduction failure, counter-socialisation and coercive backlash — to argue that the uprising indexes a rupture in the intergenerational transmission of political identity, in which ethnicity, patronage, family-based loyalty and organised religion no longer reliably reproduce inherited orientations among a stratum of urban, educated, digitally connected young Kenyans. Following Tufekci (2017), we treat digital platforms not as neutral instruments but as agents of socialisation in their own right, alongside shared economic precarity and the 2010 Constitution as civic discourse. Methodologically, the article is a qualitative, theory-building case study; its evidentiary base is a purposively assembled documentary corpus of published scholarship, human rights documentation and the movement's publicly archived discursive repertoire, covering 18 June 2024 to 7 July 2025, analysed through qualitative content analysis and abductive pattern-matching. The article defends a conditional claim. A rupture in transmission is evident; a completed transformation of social reproduction is not. The political elite's post-2024 resurrection of ethnic bargaining and co-optation through the broad-based government shows that reproduction failure is uneven, contested, and potentially reversible. The contribution is an extension of Mannheim's sociology of generations to the digital Global South, not a rival theory of collective action.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamed Hussein Abdiweli, Steve Ouma Akoth https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
WASH Barriers to Neglected Tropical Disease Prevention Practices in Primary Schools: A Case Study of Bunyala Sub-County, Kenya
Neglected tropical diseases targeted for management and eradication by the year 2030 depend heavily on water, sanitation, and hygiene. Clean water and hygienic conditions are crucial in reducing exposure to diseases; while sanitation is crucial in management of various Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). This is particularly vital in schools, where children are often highly vulnerable to infection, and where good hygiene practices are taught and reinforced. Despite the Kenya School Health Policy and the Constitution of Kenya aiming at reducing Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)-related diseases and ensuring access to clean water and adequate sanitation in schools, there has been a reported increase in the prevalence of these diseases, including NTDs. The study was conducted in Bunyala Sub-County, using a cross-sectional study design. It employed a purposive sampling method to select 2 wards out of the 4 wards in the sub-county; and 2 primary schools per the selected wards. Data was collected using observation checklists. Three major themes emerged through a critical thematic analysis of the school profiles and sanitation facilities: inadequacy of sanitation facilities, gender disparity in infrastructure, and gaps in inclusion of special needs and hygiene. The study concluded that the physical environment in schools poses a severe threat to the health education interventions intended to improve pupils’ practices on NTD prevention; and recommended expansion of infrastructure to cater for the large population, construct integrated WASH blocks, and address systemic environmental risks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Concilia M. Ogombo, Maximilla Wanzala, Tom Were https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Assessing Digital Governance Initiatives and Equitable, Inclusive Service Delivery in Kenya: A Case of Kisumu, Busia and Kakamega Counties
This study evaluates digital governance initiatives and equitable and inclusive service delivery within the Kenyan context with a focus on Kisumu, Busia, and Kakamega counties. The study employs a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, and triangulates data from two complementary sources: (i) citizen surveys, (ii) semi-structured interviews with key county officials. Surveys with citizens across the three counties capture patterns of awareness, usage, and satisfaction with digital government services. On the other hand, Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with county officials provide insider perspectives on policy implementation, operational challenges, and capacity issues. Survey data is analysed using descriptive statistics, while interview data is subjected to thematic analysis, with findings integrated through triangulation. The findings establish that in these counties, citizens perceive digital governance initiatives as contributing to enhanced efficiency of service delivery through shorter service processing times, greater transparency in service processes, and reduced reliance on physical visits. However, substantial inequalities persist in access and utilisation. In other words, digital governance visibility is outpacing digital inclusion, a trend associated with poor digital infrastructure, lack of digital affordability, digital literacy gaps, technological complexity, and social and demographic inequalities across the counties. The study concludes that for digital governance to be truly inclusive, targeted investments in digital infrastructure, affordable connectivity, digital literacy, user-centred platform design, and citizen awareness initiatives are required at the county-level.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nancy Gakahu, David Barasa, Evans Oruta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Customer Profiling Practices and Growth of Retail, Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are widely recognised for their contribution to employment, innovation, and sustainable growth. However, their growth remains a significant challenge, since the majority of them fail within their first few years of operation. This study examined the relationship between customer profiling practices and the growth of retail Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study adopted a positivist research philosophy and a descriptive correlational design. The study population included 199,600 registered retail SMEs in Nairobi County. A sample of 439 SMEs was determined using Yamane’s sample size determination formula and selected through stratified and simple random sampling techniques, with data gathered using structured questionnaires between July and September 2025. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics including frequency, mean, and standard deviation, and inferential statistics including Pearson correlation and simple linear regression, and was analysed using SPSS Version 30. Findings revealed that customer profiling practices have a strong positive correlation (r = 0.777) with SME growth, explaining 60.4% of growth variation. That is, SMEs that effectively implement customer profiling practices tend to experience higher levels of growth. The study concludes that customer profiling practices significantly enhance the growth of retail SMEs in Nairobi County by improving marketing effectiveness, operational efficiency, and competitiveness. It recommends formalising data-driven profiling systems, investing in affordable analytics tools, strengthening staff capacity, and promoting supportive policies for SME digital transformation and resource access.
Copyright (c) 2026 Philip M. Ole Kamwaro, Damary Sikalieh, Charity Muraguri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Perceived Teacher Reinforcement and Academic Self-Concept Among Low-Achieving Secondary School Students in Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya
This study examined the association between perceived teacher reinforcement and the academic self-concept of low-achieving secondary school students in Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya, where no local evidence links the two for the lowest-achieving learners. Framed by Shavelson and Marsh’s hierarchical model of academic self-concept and reinforcement theory, the study used a cross-sectional, convergent parallel mixed-methods design; because no reinforcement programme was delivered and data were collected at one time point, it reports associations rather than effects. From a population of 25,075 low-achieving students, 964 class teachers and 241 deputy principals, 384 students completed a five-point Likert questionnaire (reinforcement subscale α = 0.85, self-concept subscale α = 0.89) and 68 teachers and 34 deputy principals were interviewed. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and bivariate regression; interview data using reflexive thematic analysis. A statistically significant, moderate positive association emerged between perceived reinforcement and academic self-concept (r = .547, R² = .299), the two sharing about 30 per cent of their variance. Interpersonal, verbal reinforcement (M = 3.54–3.72) was reported more frequently than formal recognition through assemblies and certificates (M = 3.15–3.28), and interview accounts converged on the importance of everyday, effort-focused recognition. Because both measures came from one self-report source at one time, reverse causation and common-method bias cannot be excluded, and the composites are provisional pending factor-analytic validation. Schools should strengthen specific, effort-focused classroom reinforcement, supported by school counselling.
Copyright (c) 2026 Loice Ong'ayo Mukhaye, Rose Atieno Opiyo, Joel Ogutu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Kinship Networks and the Architecture of Peace: Clan-Based Social Capital in Somaliland’s Post-Conflict Transformation
This article examines the influence of kinship networks and clan-based social capital on Somaliland’s post-conflict trajectory through a longitudinal comparative case study spanning 1991 to 2026. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork conducted in Hargeisa and the eastern Sanaag region during 2024–2025, documentary sources, and a systematic review of secondary literature, and applying social transformation theory as a comprehensive but not exclusive analytical lens, the article investigates how indigenous institutions — particularly the Xeer customary normative framework and the mediating authority of clan elders — function as adaptive infrastructures of peace. Somaliland’s political order is resilient but conditional: while Xeer-based bonding social capital has been essential to governance resilience, its bridging and linking dimensions remain underdeveloped, generating structural exclusions that recent crises have made visible. Analysis of three contemporaneous developments — the December 2025 Xeer Ciise conflict in Awdal, where elders used diya (customary compensation) and boundary renegotiation to manage cross-lineage grievances; the October 2025 Erigavo peace conference in Sanaag; and Israel’s December 2025 bilateral recognition of Somaliland — reveals both the adaptive capacity and the structural breaking points of endogenous peacebuilding. The article further interrogates the 2023 Las Anod war as a genuine hard case that challenges celebratory accounts of Somaliland’s peace. It concludes that sustainable peace in hybrid political orders requires continuous negotiation of centre–periphery relations, inclusive reform of customary institutions, and formal representation of historically excluded groups, including occupational castes and women. The findings contribute to debates on hybrid governance and endogenous social transformation as pathways to locally led peacebuilding in post-conflict societies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdiweli Mohamed Hussein, Steve Ouma Akoth https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Somalia’s Paradox of Cultural Sovereignty and Nation-State Identity
This paper examines Somalia’s paradox of cultural sovereignty and nation-state identity through a longitudinal comparative-historical analysis spanning 1960 to 2026. Despite claims of exceptional cultural and linguistic homogeneity, the state of Somalia can be described as that of persistent fragility. The paper is based on a study that investigated this paradox through three analytical lenses — colonial boundary-making, governance malformation and state collapse, and cultural sovereignty as an adaptive precursor to statehood — situated within theoretical frameworks drawn from nationalism studies (Gellner, 1983; Anderson, 1983; Smith, 1991), postcolonial state theory (Mamdani, 1996; Herbst, 2000), and the de facto states literature (Jackson, 1990; Caspersen, 2012; Coggins, 2014). Using a qualitative case study methodology, the paper draws on documentary evidence, comparative literature, and critical engagement with recent developments in the self-declared Republic of Somaliland, treated here as an analytically separate, contested polity that has governed itself since 1991 and actively pursues international recognition of its statehood, including the 2025 Awdal crisis, the Erigavo peace conference, and the December 2025 Israeli bilateral recognition. It demonstrates that cultural sovereignty — embodied in clan councils, the Xeer customary law system, and hybrid governance structures such as the Guurti — functions as a resilient yet conditional form of political order. Somaliland is advanced as the paper’s central counter-narrative: its institutional design and the 2024 Somaliland-Ethiopia Memorandum of Understanding show flexible sovereignty to be viable on account of its grounding in participatory legitimacy and adaptive traditional institutions. Crucially, the paper argues that these institutions are not merely reproduced but actively reworked through everyday practice, as Somali actors negotiate, contest, and move beyond inherited clan and colonial structures. The paper concludes that sustainable African nationhood must move beyond colonial-era state boundaries and integrate culturally legitimate, decentralised governance structures, while engaging the normative risks this entails.
Police Professionalism and Civilian Oversight in the Management of Political Transition-Related Conflicts in Nairobi City County Informal Settlements
This study examined police professionalism and civilian oversight in the management of political transition-related conflicts in the informal settlements of Nairobi County with reference to Kibera, Mathare, and Mukuru during the 2013, 2017, and 2022 General Elections. The study assessed police adherence to professional policing standards; analysed spatial and socio-economic disparities influencing policing outcomes; evaluated the influence of civilian oversight institutions (COIs) on police professionalism and identified challenges and opportunities shaping professional policing. Guided by social contract and conflict transformation theories, the study adopted pragmatic and interpretivist paradigms within a mixed-methods descriptive survey design. Using the Krejcie and Morgan sampling framework, a sample of 384 respondents was drawn from a target population of 635,282 and proportionately distributed across Kibera (112), Mathare (125), and Mukuru (147) using stratified purposive and random sampling techniques involving police officers, community members, and COI representatives. Data were collected through questionnaires, key informant interviews (KIIs), focus group discussions (FGDs), and documentary review and analysed using descriptive, inferential, and thematic methods. Findings indicated that police professionalism during transition conflicts remained moderate and spatially uneven. The overall police professionalism index (PPI) score of 46% was computed from indicators of legality, accountability, political neutrality, proportional use of force, ethical conduct, and community engagement. Aggressive policing was highest in Mathare (57%), Kibera (48%), and Mukuru (34%). Although civilian oversight improved accountability and procedural compliance, weak enforcement capacity and delayed complaint resolution limited its effectiveness. The study recommends strengthening civilian oversight, decentralising accountability services, and institutionalising professionalism-focused scenario-based policing training during political transitions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Peter Mulesi, Kennedy Onkware, George Lutomia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluating the Level of Reflective Practice Among Pre-Service Teachers in Tumu College of Education, Ghana
A report from the National Teaching Council of Ghana (NTC) shows that the performance of prospective teachers in General Professional Knowledge is dwindling. This calls for the need to assess the performance of final year pre-service teachers on key indicators like reflective practice, which is a cross-cutting issue in the standards set for teacher education in Ghana. This study sought to assess the levels of reflective practice of pre-service teachers in the Tumu College of Education, as well as differences in their reflective practices based on sex and programme of study. The descriptive survey design was used, where a total of 115 respondents who were conveniently sampled responded to a questionnaire. Data were analysed using means, standard deviations, and t-test. Findings of the study show that pre-service teachers reported a moderate level of reflective practice (M=3.27, SD= .75). However, the study found no differences in reflective practice among pre-service teachers based on sex t(113) = .90, p = .373, and programme of study t(113) = -1.07, p = .289. The study recommends that lecturers in Colleges of Education and mentors in partner schools incorporate reflective teaching in the training and mentorship of pre-service teachers through peer reflections during teaching, action research, and journaling, among others.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kassim File Dangor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Political Will in Implementing Administrative Reforms in Selected Councils in Tanzania: An Analysis of the Shortcomings of the Open Performance Review and Appraisal System
This study examined the influence of political will on the implementation of administrative reform, particularly the Open Performance Review and Appraisal System (OPRAS) in the Arusha and Dodoma City Councils. Anchored in Political Economy Theory, the research assessed expressed commitment, budgetary allocation, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, and follow-up actions by political leaders. The study adopted a concurrent mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires from 381 respondents, while qualitative data were obtained from 45 key informant interviews and a review of written documents. A cross-sectional design guided the analysis, with data processed in SPSS Version 23 and thematically analysed. Findings revealed weak political will across all dimensions. Over 54% of respondents rated political leaders' support and follow-up on OPRAS as unsatisfactory, while 52% indicated that budgetary allocations were inadequate and untimely. Monitoring and evaluation mechanisms were perceived as ineffective by 56% of respondents. These deficiencies resulted in delayed promotions, limited training, demotivated employees, and suboptimal service delivery. The study confirms that political leaders often prioritise visible infrastructure projects over administrative reforms like OPRAS due to electoral and patronage considerations. The study concludes that genuine political will is indispensable for the successful implementation of administrative reforms. It recommends stronger budgetary commitment, institutionalised monitoring frameworks, capacity-building for political leaders, and the alignment of OPRAS outcomes with human resource decisions. Without sustained political support, administrative reforms will continue to function as a symbolic rather than a transformative tool in Tanzania's local government authorities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adella O. Nyello https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Post-Donor Sustainability of Development Initiatives among Catholic Women Religious Congregations: A Systematic Literature Review
Post-donor sustainability remains a major challenge for development initiatives implemented by faith-based organisations in the Global South. Catholic Women Religious Congregations (CWRCs) play a significant role in delivering education, healthcare, social protection, livelihoods support, and humanitarian services in marginalised communities. However, declining donor funding, shifting development priorities, and increased donor withdrawal raise concerns about the continuity of their initiatives. This systematic literature review synthesises empirical and theoretical studies on how organisational practices influence post-donor sustainability among CWRCs. It integrates literature on project design, leadership and governance, financial management, and human resource capacity across faith-based organisations, NGOs, and community development programmes. The review followed a systematic approach using thematic synthesis and integrative analysis of peer-reviewed articles, books, policy reports, and academic databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, JSTOR, Web of Science, and AJOL (2010–2025). Findings show that sustainability depends less on continued donor funding and more on institutionalised adaptive leadership, participatory governance, strategic financial management, human resource development, stakeholder engagement, and organisational learning. Participatory project design enhances ownership and continuity, while strong governance improves accountability and resilience. Financial systems support sustainability through budgeting, accountability, and diversified resource mobilisation. Human resource capacity strengthens institutional continuity through skills development, leadership formation, and communication systems. Overall, sustainability is multidimensional and context-dependent, emerging from the interaction of organisational systems, institutional capabilities, and mission-driven governance. A key gap identified is the limited focus on CWRCs as distinct actors, despite their critical role in development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Munanie Syengo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Beyond Policy Alignment: Assessing Climate Change Mainstreaming in Local Government Planning in Mwanga District, Tanzania
Climate change poses significant challenges to local development planning, particularly in vulnerable semi-arid regions such as Mwanga District in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. This study assessed the extent of climate change mainstreaming in Mwanga District development planning processes by examining the alignment of district planning documents with national climate change frameworks and evaluating the level of practical integration of climate change considerations into district governance systems. The study employed a mixed-methods approach involving document review, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Policy content analysis and indicator-based assessment were used to evaluate climate change integration through the Policy Alignment Matrix (PAM), Climate Mainstreaming Index (CMI), and the combined Climate Change Alignment and Mainstreaming Index (CCAMI). The findings indicate that Mwanga District achieved a strong overall policy alignment score (PAM = 61.7%) and a strong Climate Mainstreaming Index (CMI = 65%), resulting in an overall CCAMI score of 63.4%, suggesting substantial integration of climate change considerations into district planning processes. However, mainstreaming was uneven across dimensions, with stronger emphasis on climate adaptation, water resource management, environmental conservation, and disaster risk reduction, while climate finance, climate mitigation, and climate information systems remained weakly integrated. Major challenges affecting mainstreaming included a lack of awareness, limited technical capacity, inadequate financial resources, and weak institutional coordination. The study concludes that although Mwanga District has established an important foundation for climate-resilient planning, effective mainstreaming requires strengthened institutional coordination, dedicated climate financing, improved technical capacity, and enhanced climate information systems. The study contributes to local climate governance literature by demonstrating the importance of integrating policy coherence and implementation effectiveness in assessing climate change mainstreaming at the local government level.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fredy L. Maro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Assessing Representation Roles in Tanzania's 12th National Assembly
This study examines representation roles in Tanzania's 12th National Assembly (2020–2025) by analysing the relationship between Members of Parliament's (MPs') motivations for seeking office, their expectations of parliamentary service, and their actual representational experiences. A mixed-methods research design was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data were collected from a stratified sample of 195 MPs selected from a population of 382 through questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, and documentary review. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis were used for quantitative data, while thematic analysis was applied to qualitative data. The findings show that 77.9% of MPs reported high or very high realisation of their initial motivations, while 76.9% indicated that their expectations of parliamentary service had been largely fulfilled. A significant relationship was found between MPs' expectations and their perceived level of representation (χ² = 9.1747, p = 0.001), suggesting that expectations shape perceptions of representational effectiveness. Despite these positive assessments, MPs identified major institutional and political constraints, including limited executive responsiveness, inadequate parliamentary support, party dynamics, and persistent public expectations for direct material assistance. The study concludes that parliamentary representation in Tanzania extends beyond formal constitutional responsibilities and is shaped by the interaction of institutional, political, and socio-economic factors. These findings contribute to debates on political representation, democratic accountability, and legislative performance in emerging African democracies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saashisha E. Mafuwe, Ajali M. Nguyahambi, Deodatus P. Shayo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Household Satisfaction with Water Supply Services in Kinondoni Municipal Council, Tanzania
Although the government and water authorities have been improving urban water supply services, complaints related to water shortages and irregular distribution exist in the Kinondoni Municipal Council. This study aimed to understand the household satisfaction levels with water supply services in Kinondoni Municipal Council, Tanzania. The study employed the cross-sectional research design and used a mixed-method research approach. The simple random sampling technique was used to get 394 heads of households in Kijitonyama and Tandale wards, while the purposive sampling technique was used to obtain 18 key informants and 14 participants for the focus group discussions. The in-depth interviews focus group discussions, household questionnaire survey, and a review of documents were the methods used to collect data. The quantitative data were analysed through descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, while the qualitative data were analysed through content analysis. In this study, the target population comprised households, officials from water authorities, and officials from wards and streets levels within Kinondoni Municipal Council. The results revealed that customers had high satisfaction with water supply services due to the quick response of service providers to complaints or issues (M = 3.52, σ = 1.24). But they had moderate satisfaction with water supply services, particularly on the quality of water (M = 3.21, SD = 1.38), water pressure for household use (M = 3.32, SD = 1.39), affordability of water bills (M = 2.70, SD = 1.35), communication about supply disruptions (M = 2.88, SD = 1.31), and extent to which water supply services meet overall household needs (M = 2.93, SD = 1.37). On the other hand, customers had low satisfaction with water supply services, especially on the availability of water throughout the year (M = 2.49, SD = 1.34) and the reliability of water supply during dry seasons (M = 2.53, SD = 1.58). Furthermore, the results from ordinal logistic regression model revealed that the reliability of water supply (B = -.483, p = .014), water quality (B = -.592, p = .003), water service affordability (B = -.457, p = .019), responsiveness of service provider (B = -.485, p = .038), and regular maintenance of infrastructure (B = -.460, p = .020) had a statistically significant negative influence on households’ satisfaction with water supply services. These results suggest that unreliable water supply services, poor quality of water, unaffordable water service, unresponsive service provider, and irregular maintenance of infrastructure were less likely to influence higher customer satisfaction with water supply services compared to reliable water service, good water quality, affordable water service, responsive service provider, and regular maintenance of infrastructure. The study recommends that the government, through water utilities, should continue to improve the reliability of water supply, quality of water, affordability of services, responsiveness of service providers, and regular maintenance of infrastructure. Improvements in these areas are essential for enhancing customer satisfaction and ensuring sustainable and effective water service delivery.
Copyright (c) 2026 Isdory Mligo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Impact of the Fishing Industry on Boys' Academic Performance: A Case Study of North ‘A’ District in Unguja, Zanzibar, Tanzania
This study investigates how participation in the fishing industry affects boys’ academic performance in the North “A” District of Zanzibar. It identifies the types of fishing-related activities undertaken by schoolboys, examines the socio-economic factors driving their involvement, and evaluates the consequences for their education. A mixed-methods approach was used, combining quantitative and qualitative data. The sample included 150 schoolboys selected through purposive and simple random sampling, along with nine key informants who contributed qualitative insights. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages, while qualitative data were examined through content analysis. Findings show that 73% of schoolboys are actively engaged in various fishing activities. Their participation is largely influenced by socio-economic factors, including household poverty, parental occupation, peer pressure, and prevailing community norms. The study further reveals that involvement in fishing negatively impacts academic performance. Key effects include increased absenteeism, reduced school attendance, fatigue, and poor concentration in class, which contribute to poor academic performance. The study concludes that boys’ engagement in fishing significantly undermines their educational outcomes, primarily due to economic pressures and social influences. To address this issue, it recommends the development of targeted interventions aimed at reducing child involvement in fishing while promoting alternative livelihoods for families. Additional recommendations include enforcing child labour laws, offering financial and educational support, introducing flexible learning programmes, raising awareness about the importance of education, and strengthening collaboration among government agencies, schools, NGOs, and community leaders.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Strategic Human Resource Planning and Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Kenya’s Aviation Companies
This study examined the influence of Strategic Human Resource Planning (SHRP) on sustainable competitive advantage among aviation companies in Kenya. Grounded in the Resource-Based View and institutional theory, the study adopted an explanatory sequential mixed-methods research design. Quantitative data were collected through a census survey of 360 managers drawn from all 60 aviation companies licensed by the Kenya Civil Aviation Authority, complemented by in-depth interviews with senior managers involved in flight operations planning and operational safety oversight. Strategic Human Resource Planning was operationalised through training and development, workforce gap analysis, and supply and demand forecasting. Quantitative data were analysed using simple linear regression, while qualitative data were thematically analysed to provide explanatory insights. The findings indicate that Strategic Human Resource Planning has a strong and statistically significant influence on sustainable competitive advantage (β = 0.615, p < 0.001), explaining 37.4% of the variance in competitive outcomes (R² = 0.374). Qualitative results further reveal that strategically aligned training programs, systematic identification of skills gaps, proactive workforce forecasting, and regular human resource capability audits enhance workforce readiness, operational continuity, regulatory compliance, and organisational resilience. The study concludes that Strategic Human Resource Planning functions not merely as an administrative support activity, but as a strategic organisational capability that enables aviation firms to achieve and sustain competitive advantage in a highly regulated and skills-intensive environment, with important implications for aviation managers and policymakers.
Training Needs Assessment and Employee Skills Acquisition: Systematic Review of Strategies, Outcomes, and Best Practices
The implications of Industry 4.0 for workforce reskilling in Sub-Saharan Africa underscore the urgent need for effective employee skills development. Training Needs Assessment (TNA) plays a critical role in aligning workforce competencies with evolving labour market demands and advancing Sustainable Development Goals related to quality education and decent work. This systematic review examined the relationship between TNA and employees’ skills acquisition in Sub-Saharan Africa. Relevant studies were identified through PubMed, Scopus, African Journals Online (AJOL), Google Scholar, and the World Bank Open Knowledge Repository. Study identification, screening, and selection followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, resulting in 23 studies for analysis. Thematic synthesis, supported by a mixed-methods integration of qualitative and quantitative findings, was employed. Methodological quality was assessed using the CASP checklist and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Findings indicate that effective TNA strategies emphasise systematic assessment, stakeholder collaboration, and alignment with labour market needs, resulting in improved performance and employability. However, challenges such as resource constraints and resistance to change persist. The review underscores the importance of context-specific TNA frameworks to strengthen workforce development in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gasper Kissoka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Influence of Socio-Demographic Characteristics on Community Participation in Water Resource Management in Tanzania: A Case of Water User Associations along Wami–Ruvu Basin
Community participation in water resource management remains a key policy objective in Tanzania, yet evidence on how socio-demographic characteristics shape participation across management processes remains limited. This study examined the influence of socio-demographic factors on community participation in water resource management among Water User Associations (WUAs) in the Wami–Ruvu Basin, Tanzania. A cross-sectional research design was employed, involving 385 WUA members selected from a population of 5,546 registered members using multistage sampling. Data were collected through household questionnaires, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression, while qualitative data were analysed thematically. The findings indicate that participation varied significantly across socio-demographic groups and water management stages. Occupation was a strong predictor of participation, with crop farmers more likely to participate in identification (OR = 2.075, p = 0.002) and planning (OR = 2.160, p = 0.001). Men were more likely to participate in implementation (+5.0 percentage points, p = 0.012) and evaluation (+7.0 percentage points, p < 0.001) than women. Education significantly influenced monitoring, where respondents with certificate-level education or higher were 13.8 percentage points more likely to participate (p = 0.020). Divorced or separated respondents consistently showed lower participation across all stages. The regression model explained 68.6% of participation variation (Nagelkerke R² = 0.686). The study concludes that community participation in water resource management is socially differentiated, requiring targeted and inclusive interventions to address persistent inequalities and strengthen sustainable water governance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Janeth I. Zemba, Mangasini A. Katundu, Cyril K. Komba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Levels and determinants of perceived stress among psychiatric nurses working at Mathari National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kenya
Care giving for individuals with demanding mental health conditions exposes psychiatric nurses to unique challenges in their role and the potential for development of stress, which could impact their quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived stress and the quality of life among psychiatric nurses at Mathari National Teaching and Referral Hospital (MNTRH), Nairobi, Kenya. The study objectives were to assess the levels of perceived stress and examine the factors contributing to perceived stress at MNTRH. This study was anchored on the Systematic Theory of Stress and Lazarus' Theory of Stress. A quantitative approach with a correlational design was used to conduct the study using a census sampling with a sample size of 120 psychiatric nurses. The sample included both male and female aged between 21 and 60 years. Respondents’ demographic characteristics were collected using a socio-demographic questionnaire. SPSS V 29 was used in data analysis. The findings showed that the perceived stress levels were moderate (82.8%). Age, gender, marital status, years of experience, qualification, work setting, shift type, and weekly working hours had no statistically significant influence on the stress levels experienced by the psychiatric nurses. The study observed moderate perceived stress among the psychiatric nurses. No demographic factor was observed to significantly influence the perceived stress. The study findings indicate that more emphasis should be placed on the practice rather than the background factors of the psychiatric nurses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shraddha Tripathi, Susan Chemtai Changorok, Vincent Munywoki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Technological Ecology Theory: A TVET Lecturer Development Model for Understanding Human Development in Technological Environments
The Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) artificial intelligence field is becoming increasingly sophisticated and complex. Consequently, a deeper analysis was required of lecturer development in the face of the evolving technological environment. The emphasis on the specific characteristics of an individual does not consider the larger ecological and structural drivers of technological adoption. The report introduces Technological Ecology Theory (TET), an ecological model developed through a qualitative study exploring the relationship between Mechanical Engineering lecturers and AI. TET integrates the Ecological Systems Theory (EST), the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework, and the structural realities of TVET institutions. This integration provides a comprehensive ecological perspective on how lecturers adapt to AI within Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions, where challenges such as industry misalignment constrain effective AI integration and necessitate a contextualised model. The model portrays the lecturer training process in an ecological manner, which is shaped by organisational structures, environments surrounding teaching/learning, resource allocation, and job-specific experience. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of recognising multilevel influences on lecturer development, including institutional policies, community engagement, and technological infrastructure. By adopting TET, stakeholders in TVET can better design curriculum, training programmes, and support systems that address both individual competencies and the broader system dynamics impacting AI adoption. Ultimately, this ecological approach offers a framework to enhance the responsiveness and effectiveness of lecturer development, facilitating improved integration of AI technologies in teaching and learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Percy Thabiso Mhlanga, Thokozani Isaac Mtshali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Strategic Flexibility and the Effectiveness of Quality Management Systems: Evidence from Medium-Sized Manufacturing Firms in Nairobi County, Kenya
This study investigated the effect of Strategic Flexibility on the effectiveness of Quality Management Systems (QMS) in medium-sized manufacturing firms in Nairobi County, Kenya. Guided by Dynamic Capability Theory and adopting a pragmatist mixed-methods design, data were collected from 221 respondents drawn through stratified random sampling from 496 ISO 9001:2015 certified firms. Quantitative data from quality, operations, and technical managers were analysed using SPSS version 27, while qualitative insights from 14 purposively selected senior managers were analysed using NVivo 14 through thematic coding. The two data strands were integrated sequentially, with qualitative findings used to triangulate and provide a deeper contextual explanation of the statistical results. Results show that Strategic Flexibility, reflected in market responsiveness, financial and HR flexibility, cross-functional collaboration, contingency planning, product diversification, strategic foresight, and organisational resilience, was a strong predictor of QMS effectiveness, explaining 32.4% of the variance (R² = 0.324, β = 0.276, p < 0.001). Qualitative evidence further revealed that flexible firms experienced better process consistency, reduced inefficiencies, and improved product quality. The study concludes that Strategic Flexibility is a critical dynamic capability that enhances QMS effectiveness by supporting agile resource allocation, proactive risk mitigation, and continuous improvement. Strengthening organisational flexibility mechanisms is recommended to maximise the benefits of ISO 9001:2015 and improve manufacturing performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amos Kings Otieno Orwa, Paul Katuse, Timothy C. Okech https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Oral Tradition and Intergenerational Transmission of Musical Knowledge in Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom: The Ensegu (flute) Tradition — An Empirical Study in Hoima City
The Ensegu (flute) ensemble occupies a central yet undocumented place in the ceremonial life of Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom, western Uganda. Despite its indispensable role at the annual Empango royal coronation ceremony , its intergenerational transmission mechanisms have received no empirical investigation. This phenomenological qualitative study examined how musical knowledge is transmitted within the Ensegu tradition among master musicians, craftsmen, and apprentices in Hoima City , Uganda. Data were collected between February and July 2024 through in-depth interviews, field observations at rehearsals and the June 2024 Empango ceremony, and audio recordings. Sixteen participants were recruited through purposive sampling from a community of over forty learners, comprising two master players and instrument makers, four experienced ensemble musicians, three cultural leaders, and seven apprentices. Thematic analysis revealed six interconnected transmission mechanisms: sonic role differentiation, ceremonial apprenticeship immersion, melodic interlocking pedagogy , master-to-apprentice oral coaching, cultural memory activation through Runyoro song texts, and instrument craft transmission. The Ensegu tradition constitutes a distributed pedagogical system in which musical technique, ensemble intelligence, cultural identity, and craft knowledge are transmitted as an integrated whole. Findings carry implications for decolonial music education policy and integration of indigenous pedagogical models into Uganda's Competency-Based Curriculum.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nicholas Busobozi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Experiences of People living with Diagnosis of Esophageal Cancer: Case of Eastern Cape Municipalities, South Africa: A Phenomenological Study
Esophageal cancer is a major health issue in South Africa, especially in rural areas of the Eastern Cape, which has the highest incidence rates. While risk factors are well studied, there is limited research on patients’ lived experiences of diagnosis, treatment, and survival. This study explored the lived experiences of individuals diagnosed with esophageal cancer in Eastern Cape municipalities, examining their diagnostic journeys, coping mechanisms through treatment, and perceptions of existing support structures. A qualitative phenomenological design was employed; 12 participants (9 females, three males) aged 47-59 years were purposively sampled from three hospitals in Buffalo City, O.R. Tambo, and Amathole municipalities. In-depth semi-structured interviews were used. Data was analysed using Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis, guided by the Health Belief Model and Health Promotion Model. Three major themes emerged: (1) Delayed diagnosis due to late help-seeking, use of traditional healing, severe symptoms including dysphagia, haemoptysis, and weight loss; (2) Coping through treatment involving chemotherapy and radiation therapy with substantial side effects and financial burden; (3) Reliance on family support alongside gaps in health education, access to cancer services, and financial help for proper nutrition. The findings show that managing esophageal cancer in rural South Africa involves a mix of medical, traditional, and family care. They highlight the need for better community education on early symptoms, improved access to treatment facilities, emotional and financial support for patients. The study recommends healthcare policies that are patient-centred, respect cultural practices, and ensure access to proper medical treatment.
Analysis of the Underlying and Proximate Drivers of Land Conflicts in Post-Conflict Gulu City, Northern Uganda
Land conflicts are increasingly common in rapidly urbanising post-conflict cities, where rising land demand interacts with weak governance and evolving tenure systems. This study examined the underlying and proximate drivers of land conflicts and how socio-economic and demographic characteristics influence the likelihood of experiencing the drivers in post-conflict Gulu City, Northern Uganda. A mixed-methods approach was employed, and data were obtained from 416 households using household surveys, 36 key informant interviews, and 06 focus group discussions. Quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27 with descriptive statistics and logistic regression, while qualitative data were thematically analysed. Most (72.6%) respondents identified inadequate formal land registration as the underlying driver, while 82.2% cited rising land demand as a proximate driver. The analysis for this study relied heavily on self-reported data, which may be affected by recall bias. The study demonstrated that level of education, land ownership arrangements, religion, land size, and displacement histories significantly shape respondents’ likelihood of experiencing underlying and proximate drivers of land conflicts, notably loss of customary land tenure custodians, corruption, rising materialism and greed, fraudulent practices, rising land demand, urban expansion, and population growth. The findings demonstrated that increasing competition for land, coupled with inadequate formalisation of land ownership, continues to undermine tenure security and fuel land conflicts in post-conflict Gulu City. It, therefore, recommends that policymakers prioritise affordable and accessible formal land registration systems alongside strengthened urban land-use planning to manage rising land demand and reduce land conflicts in post-conflict Gulu City.
Copyright (c) 2026 Betty Adoch, Paul Isolo Mukwaya, Patrick Byakagaba, Frank Mugagga, Caroline Aboda, Henry Musoke Semakula, Shuaib Lwasa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Living with Giants: Community Perceptions of Elephants in the Nyerere National Park, Tanzania
This study examined community perceptions of elephants and elephant conservation in villages adjacent to Nyerere National Park in Tanzania, focusing on how human-elephant interactions shape these perceptions. A qualitative research design was adopted, using in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and observation conducted in 2025 in Kisaki and Mngazi villages. Thematic analysis was used to interpret participants' lived experiences and the meanings attached to elephants and conservation. The findings show mixed perceptions, where some community members view elephants as an important economic asset linked to tourism and national revenue. At the same time, the majority perceive them as a threat due to recurrent crop raiding, livelihood losses, and risks to human safety. These negative experiences significantly shape attitudes toward elephant conservation, leading some participants to feel fear and resistance. Perceptions are influenced by direct exposure to conflict, livelihood dependence, and experiences of institutional response. The study is limited by its qualitative design and focus on two villages, which may limit generalisability to other contexts. However, the findings highlight the need for conservation authorities to strengthen human-elephant conflict mitigation strategies, improve benefit-sharing mechanisms, and integrate community experiences into conservation planning to promote coexistence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Matilda Demzee, Gideon Bulengela, Ritha Awe , John Lugis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Dynamics of Online Evaluation: Voice from Student Teachers in an Open Distance e-Learning institution
Teacher education programs worldwide aim to balance theoretical knowledge with practical application, with teaching practice serving as a critical component in this process. While teaching practice traditionally involves face-to-face evaluations, such approaches are not always feasible in Open Distance e-Learning (ODeL) contexts due to geographical constraints. Existing studies have explored the virtual teaching practicum and the unique experiences it provides. However, the existing body of literature on the evaluation of student teachers is notably limited, with an even scarcer exploration of their assessment through flexible learning tools. Employing a qualitative survey, guided by technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) as a theoretical framework, this study aimed to examine the dynamics of online evaluation using the voices of student teachers during teaching practice in an ODeL institution. Data were collected through qualitative open-ended questionnaires from 13 purposefully sampled participants in their final year of undergraduate studies who engaged in online evaluations, and the data were analyzed thematically. The findings indicate that most student teachers demonstrated adequate preparedness for online evaluations and that the TPACK of university supervisors enabled them to provide constructive feedback. Online evaluations were further valued for their flexibility in overcoming logistical barriers and for fostering technological competence among student teachers. Findings revealed that Technological Knowledge (TK) and Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK) were the most critical domains influencing the effectiveness of online teaching practice supervision. Findings indicate that participants demonstrated adequate TK in using mobile devices and digital platforms such as WhatsApp and Microsoft Teams. However, challenges related to connectivity, infrastructure, and limited platform familiarity constrained the effective enactment of TPK during online teaching practice supervision. The study recommended that universities invest in digital infrastructure and training and provide adequate institutional support. Although the findings provide valuable and transferable insights, their generalizability is constrained by the small sample size. The findings highlight the need for ODeL policy and global teacher education programs to move beyond basic digital access (TK) and prioritize the development of TPK, alongside investment in reliable digital infrastructure.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mbusiseni Dube, Carlo Daniels https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effect of Emotional Intelligence on Employee Performance in the Banking Sector of North-Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo
In modern organisations, particularly in service-oriented sectors such as banking, emotional intelligence is increasingly recognised as a key factor in professional performance. Several international and regional studies have analysed the link between emotional intelligence and job effectiveness. However, empirical evidence regarding this relationship in the context of the banking sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo remains limited. This study aims to analyze the extent to which emotional intelligence quotient influences the performance of employees working in commercial banks in North Kivu province. The research is based on Bar-On's model of emotional intelligence and adopts a descriptive and quantitative methodological approach for data collection and analysis. A sample of 229 employees from eight commercial banks was selected to participate in the study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, employing descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and regression models. The results reveal a strong, statistically significant, and positive relationship between emotional intelligence and employee performance (r=0.888, p-value <0.01). The findings showed a strong, statistically significant positive relationship between emotional intelligence and employee performance. Social management intelligence was the strongest predictor of performance (R² = 82.1%), followed by emotional intelligence quotient (R² = 78.7%) and self-management intelligence (R² = 78.6%). Performance was measured by target realization, work quality, and cost-effectiveness. In conclusion, emotional intelligence appears to be a major predictor of performance in the Congolese banking sector. Financial institutions are therefore advised to actively promote the development of their employees' emotional skills to improve their professional effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ndagano Fidele , Erastus Thoronjo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The African Politics of the Dataset: AI, Indigenous Music, and Neo-Colonial Power Dynamics
The proliferation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the creative industries, especially in the context of Indigenous African music, is a deep-rooted political action that builds upon the historical dynamics of power of digital extraction and algorithmic colonialism. While existing scholarship predominantly critiques AI through Western intellectual property paradigms, it largely overlooks the training dataset as a primary site of epistemic violence. Based on a decolonial theoretical framework, this paper fills this gap by arguing that the AI training datasets are political artefacts that fix neo-colonial forms of oppression by freezing dynamic, living cultures to be consumed exogenously. The study utilises a triangulated research design and intentionally uses a multi-regional Pan-African scope of analysis, triangulating three analytical fields: a historical excavation of the 1939 Mbube (Solomon Linda) case in South Africa as an analogue blueprint of extraction; a netnographic study of five highly active industries. The findings reveal a ‘dual architecture’ of digital neo-colonialism, wherein external data colonialism via uncompensated scraping is facilitated by internal structural deficits and outdated post-colonial legislation. Empirically, the netnographic data reveals a phenomenon of ‘silent extraction,’ where grassroots resistance is actively overridden by a consumer-driven adapt or die techno-optimism. To address this perceived epistemic alienation and legal gap, the paper concludes that the way to realize ethical AI is by shifting the paradigm to Indigenous Data Sovereignty (IDSov) and the Collective Benefit, Authority to Control, Responsibility and Ethics (CARE Principles). In direct relation to the structural gaps that were revealed through the research, the paper proposes that the African Musicology Institute (AMI) should be created as a free, sovereign infrastructural centre to manage ethically sourced datasets. Finally, this study alters the academic debate of reactive copyright litigation to proactive infrastructural autonomy, which offers a critical map of computational self-determination in the Global South.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amon Kipyegon Kirui, Brian Bichanga Nyandieka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Examination of Prison-Based Vocational Training on Recidivism: A Review of Kisumu County, Kenya
Persistent recidivism undermines the effectiveness of incarceration as a tool for reform and rehabilitation in Kenya. In Kisumu County, correctional institutions face challenges such as overcrowding, limited resources, and fragmented rehabilitation programmes, raising questions about the effectiveness of prison-based vocational training in reducing reoffending. This study investigated the influence of prison-based vocational training programmes, including life skills education, counselling services, and formal education, on recidivism rates using a mixed-methods convergent parallel design. Quantitative data were collected from 220 former inmates using structured Likert-scale questionnaires, alongside 60 purposively selected prison officers and 28 probation officers. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interview guides to explore lived experiences, reintegration challenges, and perceptions of program adequacy. To ensure reliability and validity, the instruments were piloted prior to the main study, with Cronbach’s alpha employed for internal consistency of quantitative measures and expert review applied to the interview guides for content validity. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS version 25, while qualitative data were processed through thematic analysis. Data analysis was guided by Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory, which emphasises behavioural change through observation, modelling, and reinforcement. Findings revealed that participation in prison-based treatment programmes was inversely related to recidivism: 85% of former inmates who underwent vocational training, 80% of those receiving life skills education, 78% of those who participated in counselling services, and 86% of formal education participants did not reoffend. In contrast, 51% of inmates who did not participate in any treatment programmes returned to criminal activity. Qualitative findings highlighted that most facilities still rely on punitive approaches, with limited access to structured rehabilitation, psycho-social support, and post-release transition planning. The study concludes that prison-based treatment programmes can significantly mitigate recidivism if implemented consistently, with sufficient staffing and individualised reentry planning. It recommends targeted investment in rehabilitation infrastructure, expansion of vocational and psycho-social services, and structured post-release support to strengthen reintegration outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Timothy Vitalis Wanyama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Implementation of the Open Performance Review and Appraisal System in improving the performance of public service employees in selected Councils in Tanzania
This study examined the implementation of the Open Performance Review and Appraisal System (OPRAS) within local government authorities in Tanzania, focusing on its impact on employee promotion and demotion, as well as its role in service delivery in Arusha City Council and Dodoma City Council. Using the New Public Management (NPM) theory, the research evaluated the extent to which OPRAS has been implemented across these urban local authorities. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining a survey questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, and a document review. Quantitative data were analysed with descriptive statistics, while qualitative data underwent content analysis. The findings showed a relatively high level of OPRAS implementation, indicating that the system significantly promotes high-performing employees, demotes those with consistently poor performance (when enforced strictly), and improves public service delivery in the studied councils. However, ongoing challenges related to training, resource allocation, and institutional support were identified as limiting factors. The study recommends that the government institutionalise regular, comprehensive training programmes for public employees on the objectives, processes, and benefits of OPRAS. Additionally, policymakers are urged to review and strengthen relevant policies and strategies to facilitate more effective implementation. Training for political leaders to enhance their awareness and commitment to performance management, coupled with timely and adequate budgetary disbursement specifically earmarked for OPRAS activities, is equally essential for sustaining and improving the system’s effectiveness in Tanzanian local government authorities.