Eastern African Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
type: channel
description: The Eastern African Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences is a high-quality open-access, peer-reviewed, and refereed multidisciplinary research journal, dedicated to serving society through the global dissemination of information through an unparalleled commitment to quality, reliability, innovation, and research work. Eastern African Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences welcomes and acknowledges high-quality theoretical and empirical original research papers, case studies, review papers, literature reviews, and conceptual frameworks from researchers, academicians, professionals, practitioners, and students from all over the world. Eastern African Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences engages its noble efforts for development and endeavors to give you the best.
publisher: UTAFITI FOUNDATION
language: en
publication name: Eastern African Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
issn: 2958-4558
copyright: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
items: Prevalence and Symptom Presentations of ASRS-Based Probable Adult ADHD Among Patients with Substance Use Disorders in Rehabilitation Centres in Nairobi, Kenya
items: The Generation that Refused to Inherit? Political Socialisation, Digital Counter-Publics and Kenya's Contested Generational Transition, 2024–2025
items: WASH Barriers to Neglected Tropical Disease Prevention Practices in Primary Schools: A Case Study of Bunyala Sub-County, Kenya
items: Smallholder farmers Adoption of Integrated Pest Management Practices under Changing Climate in Morogoro District Council, Tanzania
items: Assessing Digital Governance Initiatives and Equitable, Inclusive Service Delivery in Kenya: A Case of Kisumu, Busia and Kakamega Counties
items: Customer Profiling Practices and Growth of Retail, Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya
items: Perceived Teacher Reinforcement and Academic Self-Concept Among Low-Achieving Secondary School Students in Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya
items: Kinship Networks and the Architecture of Peace: Clan-Based Social Capital in Somaliland’s Post-Conflict Transformation
items: Somalia’s Paradox of Cultural Sovereignty and Nation-State Identity
items: Police Professionalism and Civilian Oversight in the Management of Political Transition-Related Conflicts in Nairobi City County Informal Settlements
items: Evaluating the Level of Reflective Practice Among Pre-Service Teachers in Tumu College of Education, Ghana
items: Political Will in Implementing Administrative Reforms in Selected Councils in Tanzania: An Analysis of the Shortcomings of the Open Performance Review and Appraisal System
items: Post-Donor Sustainability of Development Initiatives among Catholic Women Religious Congregations: A Systematic Literature Review
items: Beyond Policy Alignment: Assessing Climate Change Mainstreaming in Local Government Planning in Mwanga District, Tanzania
items: Assessing Representation Roles in the 12th Parliament of Tanzania 2020-2025
items: Household Satisfaction with Water Supply Services in Kinondoni Municipal Council, Tanzania
items: The Impact of the Fishing Industry on Boys' Academic Performance: A Case Study of North ‘A’ District in Unguja, Zanzibar, Tanzania
items: Strategic Human Resource Planning and Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Kenya’s Aviation Companies
items: Training Needs Assessment and Employee Skills Acquisition: Systematic Review of Strategies, Outcomes, and Best Practices
items: The Influence of Socio-Demographic Characteristics on Community Participation in Water Resource Management in Tanzania: A Case of Water User Associations along Wami–Ruvu Basin
items: Levels and determinants of perceived stress among psychiatric nurses working at Mathari National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kenya
items: Technological Ecology Theory: A TVET Lecturer Development Model for Understanding Human Development in Technological Environments
items: Strategic Flexibility and the Effectiveness of Quality Management Systems: Evidence from Medium-Sized Manufacturing Firms in Nairobi County, Kenya
items: Oral Tradition and Intergenerational Transmission of Musical Knowledge in Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom: The Ensegu (flute) Tradition — An Empirical Study in Hoima City
items: Experiences of People living with Diagnosis of Esophageal Cancer: Case of Eastern Cape Municipalities, South Africa: A Phenomenological Study
items: Analysis of the Underlying and Proximate Drivers of Land Conflicts in Post-Conflict Gulu City, Northern Uganda
items: Living with Giants: Community Perceptions of Elephants in the Nyerere National Park, Tanzania
items: The Dynamics of Online Evaluation: Voice from Student Teachers in an Open Distance e-Learning institution
items: Effect of Emotional Intelligence on Employee Performance in the Banking Sector of North-Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo
items: The African Politics of the Dataset: AI, Indigenous Music, and Neo-Colonial Power Dynamics

Prevalence and Symptom Presentations of ASRS-Based Probable Adult ADHD Among Patients with Substance Use Disorders in Rehabilitation Centres in Nairobi, Kenya
type: item
description: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) commonly persists into adulthood and frequently co-occurs with Substance Use Disorders (SUDs), yet evidence from low- and middle-income countries remains limited. This study examined the prevalence and symptom presentations of ASRS-based probable Adult ADHD among adults receiving treatment for SUDs in selected rehabilitation centres in Nairobi, Kenya. A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 322 adults recruited through total enumeration from six rehabilitation centres. Adult ADHD symptoms were assessed using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS v1.1). Overall, 90 of the 322 participants (28.0%) met the criteria for ASRS-based probable Adult ADHD. Among respondents classified as having ASRS-based probable ADHD, the combined presentation was the most prevalent (58.9%), followed by the predominantly inattentive (26.7%) and predominantly hyperactive–impulsive (14.4%) presentations. These findings indicate that ASRS-based probable Adult ADHD was identified in more than one-quarter of adults receiving treatment for SUDs and that the combined presentation predominated among screen-positive respondents. The findings contribute to the limited evidence on ASRS-based probable Adult ADHD among treatment-seeking adults in Sub-Saharan Africa and may inform future research and review of ADHD screening practices in comparable rehabilitation settings.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Disorders
  topic: keywords
subject: Hyperactivity
  topic: keywords
subject: Patients
  topic: keywords
subject: Rehabilitation
  topic: keywords
creator: Lucy Wanjiku Murage
creator: Michael Kihara
creator: Stella Nyagwencha
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Lucy Wanjiku Murage, Michael Kihara, Stella Nyagwencha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-07-31
publication date: 2026-07-31
starting page: 402
ending page: 414
doi: 10.58721/my07x416

The Generation that Refused to Inherit? Political Socialisation, Digital Counter-Publics and Kenya's Contested Generational Transition, 2024–2025
type: item
description: Kenya's Gen Z uprising began on 18 June 2024 and peaked between 25 June and mid-July 2024, when nationwide demonstrations against the Finance Bill 2024 forced the Bill's withdrawal and the Cabinet's dissolution. It recurred, in altered form and with different proximate triggers, through the protests of June and July 2025. Existing analyses have interpreted the uprising principally through digital mobilisation. This article argues that such accounts describe the mechanism of coordination while leaving unexplained the process of political formation that accompanied it. We advance the Socialisation Rupture model — inherited socialisation order, reproduction failure, counter-socialisation and coercive backlash — to argue that the uprising indexes a rupture in the intergenerational transmission of political identity, in which ethnicity, patronage, family-based loyalty and organised religion no longer reliably reproduce inherited orientations among a stratum of urban, educated, digitally connected young Kenyans. Following Tufekci (2017), we treat digital platforms not as neutral instruments but as agents of socialisation in their own right, alongside shared economic precarity and the 2010 Constitution as civic discourse. Methodologically, the article is a qualitative, theory-building case study; its evidentiary base is a purposively assembled documentary corpus of published scholarship, human rights documentation and the movement's publicly archived discursive repertoire, covering 18 June 2024 to 7 July 2025, analysed through qualitative content analysis and abductive pattern-matching. The article defends a conditional claim. A rupture in transmission is evident; a completed transformation of social reproduction is not. The political elite's post-2024 resurrection of ethnic bargaining and co-optation through the broad-based government shows that reproduction failure is uneven, contested, and potentially reversible. The contribution is an extension of Mannheim's sociology …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Generations
  topic: keywords
subject: Gen Z
  topic: keywords
subject: Political socialisation
  topic: keywords
subject: Social reproduction
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamed Hussein Abdiweli
creator: Steve Ouma Akoth
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamed Hussein Abdiweli, Steve Ouma Akoth https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-07-17
publication date: 2026-07-17
starting page: 367
ending page: 378
doi: 10.58721/1kz5as76

WASH Barriers to Neglected Tropical Disease Prevention Practices in Primary Schools: A Case Study of Bunyala Sub-County, Kenya
type: item
description: Neglected tropical diseases targeted for management and eradication by the year 2030 depend heavily on water, sanitation, and hygiene. Clean water and hygienic conditions are crucial in reducing exposure to diseases; while sanitation is crucial in management of various Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). This is particularly vital in schools, where children are often highly vulnerable to infection, and where good hygiene practices are taught and reinforced. Despite the Kenya School Health Policy and the Constitution of Kenya aiming at reducing Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)-related diseases and ensuring access to clean water and adequate sanitation in schools, there has been a reported increase in the prevalence of these diseases, including NTDs. The study was conducted in Bunyala Sub-County, using a cross-sectional study design. It employed a purposive sampling method to select 2 wards out of the 4 wards in the sub-county; and 2 primary schools per the selected wards. Data was collected using observation checklists. Three major themes emerged through a critical thematic analysis of the school profiles and sanitation facilities: inadequacy of sanitation facilities, gender disparity in infrastructure, and gaps in inclusion of special needs and hygiene. The study concluded that the physical environment in schools poses a severe threat to the health education interventions intended to improve pupils’ practices on NTD prevention; and recommended expansion of infrastructure to cater for the large population, construct integrated WASH blocks, and address systemic environmental risks.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Policy
  topic: keywords
subject: Tropical diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: WASH
  topic: keywords
creator: Concilia M. Ogombo
creator: Maximilla Wanzala
creator: Tom Were
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Concilia M. Ogombo, Maximilla Wanzala, Tom Were https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-07-11
publication date: 2026-07-11
starting page: 356
ending page: 366
doi: 10.58721/eb4dns77

Smallholder farmers Adoption of Integrated Pest Management Practices under Changing Climate in Morogoro District Council, Tanzania
type: item
description: Climate variability in Morogoro District has increased pest occurrence and reduced crop productivity. Despite government efforts to promote integrated pest management (IPM), adoption among farmers remains constrained. This study aimed to understand smallholder farmers adoption of IPM practices under changing climate in Morogoro District, Tanzania. A convergent parallel mixed-methods research design was employed. Simple random sampling was used to select 387 household heads engaged in crop farming. Purposive sampling was used to select 8 key informants for in-depth interviews and 24 participants for focus group discussions. The in-depth interview with key informants, focus group discussions and a household questionnaire survey were used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used to analyses quantitative data on farmers' perceptions of IPM and factors influencing IPM adoption using the IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20, while qualitative data were analysed using content analysis through NVivo Version 11. The results indicated that respondents had a moderate perception of IPM practices, with an overall mean score of 3.04. The most adopted IPM practices among farmers included crop rotation, resistant crop varieties, intercropping, and careful pesticide use. The binary logistic regression model results show that education, sex, access to extension services, membership in farmer groups, and access to financial support significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the adoption of IPM practices. The study concludes that farmers in Morogoro District had moderate perceptions and adoption of IPM practices. It recommends that the government strengthen extension services, financial support, and climate-responsive interventions to enhance farmers’ IPM adoption.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Crop farming
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate
  topic: keywords
subject: Pest management
  topic: keywords
subject: Smallholder farmers
  topic: keywords
creator: Isdory Mligo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Isdory Mligo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-08-02
publication date: 2026-08-02
starting page: 415
ending page: 428
doi: 10.58721/ndbky252

Assessing Digital Governance Initiatives and Equitable, Inclusive Service Delivery in Kenya: A Case of Kisumu, Busia and Kakamega Counties
type: item
description: This study evaluates digital governance initiatives and equitable and inclusive service delivery within the Kenyan context with a focus on Kisumu, Busia, and Kakamega counties. The study employs a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, and triangulates data from two complementary sources: (i) citizen surveys, (ii) semi-structured interviews with key county officials. Surveys with citizens across the three counties capture patterns of awareness, usage, and satisfaction with digital government services. On the other hand, Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with county officials provide insider perspectives on policy implementation, operational challenges, and capacity issues. Survey data is analysed using descriptive statistics, while interview data is subjected to thematic analysis, with findings integrated through triangulation. The findings establish that in these counties, citizens perceive digital governance initiatives as contributing to enhanced efficiency of service delivery through shorter service processing times, greater transparency in service processes, and reduced reliance on physical visits. However, substantial inequalities persist in access and utilisation. In other words, digital governance visibility is outpacing digital inclusion, a trend associated with poor digital infrastructure, lack of digital affordability, digital literacy gaps, technological complexity, and social and demographic inequalities across the counties. The study concludes that for digital governance to be truly inclusive, targeted investments in digital infrastructure, affordable connectivity, digital literacy, user-centred platform design, and citizen awareness initiatives are required at the county-level.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Literacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Equity
  topic: keywords
subject: Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Service delivery
  topic: keywords
creator: Nancy Gakahu
creator: David Barasa
creator: Evans Oruta
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nancy Gakahu, David Barasa, Evans Oruta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-07-06
publication date: 2026-07-06
starting page: 343
ending page: 355
doi: 10.58721/rxcmx649

Customer Profiling Practices and Growth of Retail, Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya
type: item
description: Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are widely recognised for their contribution to employment, innovation, and sustainable growth. However, their growth remains a significant challenge, since the majority of them fail within their first few years of operation. This study examined the relationship between customer profiling practices and the growth of retail Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study adopted a positivist research philosophy and a descriptive correlational design. The study population included 199,600 registered retail SMEs in Nairobi County. A sample of 439 SMEs was determined using Yamane’s sample size determination formula and selected through stratified and simple random sampling techniques, with data gathered using structured questionnaires between July and September 2025. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics including frequency, mean, and standard deviation, and inferential statistics including Pearson correlation and simple linear regression, and was analysed using SPSS Version 30. Findings revealed that customer profiling practices have a strong positive correlation (r = 0.777) with SME growth, explaining 60.4% of growth variation. That is, SMEs that effectively implement customer profiling practices tend to experience higher levels of growth. The study concludes that customer profiling practices significantly enhance the growth of retail SMEs in Nairobi County by improving marketing effectiveness, operational efficiency, and competitiveness. It recommends formalising data-driven profiling systems, investing in affordable analytics tools, strengthening staff capacity, and promoting supportive policies for SME digital transformation and resource access.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Customers
  topic: keywords
subject: Enterprises
  topic: keywords
subject: Nairobi
  topic: keywords
subject: Segmentation
  topic: keywords
creator: Philip M. Ole Kamwaro
creator: Damary Sikalieh
creator: Charity Muraguri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Philip M. Ole Kamwaro, Damary Sikalieh, Charity Muraguri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
starting page: 147
ending page: 160
doi: 10.58721/mtdby737

Perceived Teacher Reinforcement and Academic Self-Concept Among Low-Achieving Secondary School Students in Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya
type: item
description: This study examined the association between perceived teacher reinforcement and the academic self-concept of low-achieving secondary school students in Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya, where no local evidence links the two for the lowest-achieving learners. Framed by Shavelson and Marsh’s hierarchical model of academic self-concept and reinforcement theory, the study used a cross-sectional, convergent parallel mixed-methods design; because no reinforcement programme was delivered and data were collected at one time point, it reports associations rather than effects. From a population of 25,075 low-achieving students, 964 class teachers and 241 deputy principals, 384 students completed a five-point Likert questionnaire (reinforcement subscale α = 0.85, self-concept subscale α = 0.89) and 68 teachers and 34 deputy principals were interviewed. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and bivariate regression; interview data using reflexive thematic analysis. A statistically significant, moderate positive association emerged between perceived reinforcement and academic self-concept (r = .547, R² = .299), the two sharing about 30 per cent of their variance. Interpersonal, verbal reinforcement (M = 3.54–3.72) was reported more frequently than formal recognition through assemblies and certificates (M = 3.15–3.28), and interview accounts converged on the importance of everyday, effort-focused recognition. Because both measures came from one self-report source at one time, reverse causation and common-method bias cannot be excluded, and the composites are provisional pending factor-analytic validation. Schools should strengthen specific, effort-focused classroom reinforcement, supported by school counselling.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Counselling
  topic: keywords
subject: Secondary school
  topic: keywords
subject: Students
  topic: keywords
subject: Teacher reinforcement
  topic: keywords
creator: Loice Ong'ayo Mukhaye
creator: Rose Atieno Opiyo
creator: Joel Ogutu
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Loice Ong'ayo Mukhaye, Rose Atieno Opiyo, Joel Ogutu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 320
ending page: 330
doi: 10.58721/yj1dwe22

Kinship Networks and the Architecture of Peace: Clan-Based Social Capital in Somaliland’s Post-Conflict Transformation
type: item
description: This article examines the influence of kinship networks and clan-based social capital on Somaliland’s post-conflict trajectory through a longitudinal comparative case study spanning 1991 to 2026. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork conducted in Hargeisa and the eastern Sanaag region during 2024–2025, documentary sources, and a systematic review of secondary literature, and applying social transformation theory as a comprehensive but not exclusive analytical lens, the article investigates how indigenous institutions — particularly the Xeer customary normative framework and the mediating authority of clan elders — function as adaptive infrastructures of peace. Somaliland’s political order is resilient but conditional: while Xeer-based bonding social capital has been essential to governance resilience, its bridging and linking dimensions remain underdeveloped, generating structural exclusions that recent crises have made visible. Analysis of three contemporaneous developments — the December 2025 Xeer Ciise conflict in Awdal, where elders used diya (customary compensation) and boundary renegotiation to manage cross-lineage grievances; the October 2025 Erigavo peace conference in Sanaag; and Israel’s December 2025 bilateral recognition of Somaliland — reveals both the adaptive capacity and the structural breaking points of endogenous peacebuilding. The article further interrogates the 2023 Las Anod war as a genuine hard case that challenges celebratory accounts of Somaliland’s peace. It concludes that sustainable peace in hybrid political orders requires continuous negotiation of centre–periphery relations, inclusive reform of customary institutions, and formal representation of historically excluded groups, including occupational castes and women. The findings contribute to debates on hybrid governance and endogenous social transformation as pathways to locally led peacebuilding in post-conflict societies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hybrid governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Kinship
  topic: keywords
subject: Peacebuilding
  topic: keywords
subject: Somaliland
  topic: keywords
subject: Xeer
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdiweli Mohamed Hussein
creator: Steve Ouma Akoth
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abdiweli Mohamed Hussein, Steve Ouma Akoth https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 331
ending page: 342
doi: 10.58721/qp418p30

Somalia’s Paradox of Cultural Sovereignty and Nation-State Identity
type: item
description: This paper examines Somalia’s paradox of cultural sovereignty and nation-state identity through a longitudinal comparative-historical analysis spanning 1960 to 2026. Despite claims of exceptional cultural and linguistic homogeneity, the state of Somalia can be described as that of persistent fragility. The paper is based on a study that investigated this paradox through three analytical lenses — colonial boundary-making, governance malformation and state collapse, and cultural sovereignty as an adaptive precursor to statehood — situated within theoretical frameworks drawn from nationalism studies (Gellner, 1983; Anderson, 1983; Smith, 1991), postcolonial state theory (Mamdani, 1996; Herbst, 2000), and the de facto states literature (Jackson, 1990; Caspersen, 2012; Coggins, 2014). Using a qualitative case study methodology, the paper draws on documentary evidence, comparative literature, and critical engagement with recent developments in the self-declared Republic of Somaliland, treated here as an analytically separate, contested polity that has governed itself since 1991 and actively pursues international recognition of its statehood, including the 2025 Awdal crisis, the Erigavo peace conference, and the December 2025 Israeli bilateral recognition. It demonstrates that cultural sovereignty — embodied in clan councils, the Xeer customary law system, and hybrid governance structures such as the Guurti — functions as a resilient yet conditional form of political order. Somaliland is advanced as the paper’s central counter-narrative: its institutional design and the 2024 Somaliland-Ethiopia Memorandum of Understanding show flexible sovereignty to be viable on account of its grounding in participatory legitimacy and adaptive traditional institutions. Crucially, the paper argues that these institutions are not merely reproduced but actively reworked through everyday practice, as Somali actors negotiate, contest, and move beyond inherited clan and colonial structures. The…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Colonial borders
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Somaliland
  topic: keywords
subject: Statehood
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdiweli Mohamed Hussein
creator: Steve Ouma Akoth
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Abdiweli Mohamed Hussein, Steve Ouma Akoth https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 307
ending page: 319
doi: 10.58721/g24ebm94

Police Professionalism and Civilian Oversight in the Management of Political Transition-Related Conflicts in Nairobi City County Informal Settlements
type: item
description: This study examined police professionalism and civilian oversight in the management of political transition-related conflicts in the informal settlements of Nairobi County with reference to Kibera, Mathare, and Mukuru during the 2013, 2017, and 2022 General Elections. The study assessed police adherence to professional policing standards; analysed spatial and socio-economic disparities influencing policing outcomes; evaluated the influence of civilian oversight institutions (COIs) on police professionalism and identified challenges and opportunities shaping professional policing. Guided by social contract and conflict transformation theories, the study adopted pragmatic and interpretivist paradigms within a mixed-methods descriptive survey design. Using the Krejcie and Morgan sampling framework, a sample of 384 respondents was drawn from a target population of 635,282 and proportionately distributed across Kibera (112), Mathare (125), and Mukuru (147) using stratified purposive and random sampling techniques involving police officers, community members, and COI representatives. Data were collected through questionnaires, key informant interviews (KIIs), focus group discussions (FGDs), and documentary review and analysed using descriptive, inferential, and thematic methods. Findings indicated that police professionalism during transition conflicts remained moderate and spatially uneven. The overall police professionalism index (PPI) score of 46% was computed from indicators of legality, accountability, political neutrality, proportional use of force, ethical conduct, and community engagement. Aggressive policing was highest in Mathare (57%), Kibera (48%), and Mukuru (34%). Although civilian oversight improved accountability and procedural compliance, weak enforcement capacity and delayed complaint resolution limited its effectiveness. The study recommends strengthening civilian oversight, decentralising accountability services, and institutionalising professionalism-…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Civilian Oversight
  topic: keywords
subject: Police Professionalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Spatial Inequality
  topic: keywords
subject: Informal Settlements
  topic: keywords
creator: Peter Mulesi
creator: Kennedy Onkware
creator: George Lutomia
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Peter Mulesi, Kennedy Onkware, George Lutomia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-31
publication date: 2026-05-31
starting page: 85
ending page: 104
doi: 10.58721/eajhss.v5i2.1792

Evaluating the Level of Reflective Practice Among Pre-Service Teachers in Tumu College of Education, Ghana
type: item
description: A report from the National Teaching Council of Ghana (NTC) shows that the performance of prospective teachers in General Professional Knowledge is dwindling. This calls for the need to assess the performance of final year pre-service teachers on key indicators like reflective practice, which is a cross-cutting issue in the standards set for teacher education in Ghana. This study sought to assess the levels of reflective practice of pre-service teachers in the Tumu College of Education, as well as differences in their reflective practices based on sex and programme of study. The descriptive survey design was used, where a total of 115 respondents who were conveniently sampled responded to a questionnaire. Data were analysed using means, standard deviations, and t-test. Findings of the study show that pre-service teachers reported a moderate level of reflective practice (M=3.27, SD= .75). However, the study found no differences in reflective practice among pre-service teachers based on sex t(113) = .90, p = .373, and programme of study t(113) = -1.07, p = .289. The study recommends that lecturers in Colleges of Education and mentors in partner schools incorporate reflective teaching in the training and mentorship of pre-service teachers through peer reflections during teaching, action research, and journaling, among others.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Reflective Practice
  topic: keywords
subject: Standards
  topic: keywords
subject: Teacher
  topic: keywords
creator: Kassim File Dangor
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Kassim File Dangor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-30
publication date: 2026-05-30
starting page: 74
ending page: 84
doi: 10.58721/eajhss.v5i2.1787

Political Will in Implementing Administrative Reforms in Selected Councils in Tanzania: An Analysis of the Shortcomings of the Open Performance Review and Appraisal System
type: item
description: This study examined the influence of political will on the implementation of administrative reform, particularly the Open Performance Review and Appraisal System (OPRAS) in the Arusha and Dodoma City Councils. Anchored in Political Economy Theory, the research assessed expressed commitment, budgetary allocation, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, and follow-up actions by political leaders. The study adopted a concurrent mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires from 381 respondents, while qualitative data were obtained from 45 key informant interviews and a review of written documents. A cross-sectional design guided the analysis, with data processed in SPSS Version 23 and thematically analysed. Findings revealed weak political will across all dimensions. Over 54% of respondents rated political leaders' support and follow-up on OPRAS as unsatisfactory, while 52% indicated that budgetary allocations were inadequate and untimely. Monitoring and evaluation mechanisms were perceived as ineffective by 56% of respondents. These deficiencies resulted in delayed promotions, limited training, demotivated employees, and suboptimal service delivery. The study confirms that political leaders often prioritise visible infrastructure projects over administrative reforms like OPRAS due to electoral and patronage considerations. The study concludes that genuine political will is indispensable for the successful implementation of administrative reforms. It recommends stronger budgetary commitment, institutionalised monitoring frameworks, capacity-building for political leaders, and the alignment of OPRAS outcomes with human resource decisions. Without sustained political support, administrative reforms will continue to function as a symbolic rather than a transformative tool in Tanzania's local government authorities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Political will
  topic: keywords
subject: Reform
  topic: keywords
creator: Adella O. Nyello
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Adella O. Nyello https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-30
publication date: 2026-05-30
starting page: 61
ending page: 73
doi: 10.58721/eajhss.v5i2.1785

Post-Donor Sustainability of Development Initiatives among Catholic Women Religious Congregations: A Systematic Literature Review
type: item
description: Post-donor sustainability remains a major challenge for development initiatives implemented by faith-based organisations in the Global South. Catholic Women Religious Congregations (CWRCs) play a significant role in delivering education, healthcare, social protection, livelihoods support, and humanitarian services in marginalised communities. However, declining donor funding, shifting development priorities, and increased donor withdrawal raise concerns about the continuity of their initiatives. This systematic literature review synthesises empirical and theoretical studies on how organisational practices influence post-donor sustainability among CWRCs. It integrates literature on project design, leadership and governance, financial management, and human resource capacity across faith-based organisations, NGOs, and community development programmes. The review followed a systematic approach using thematic synthesis and integrative analysis of peer-reviewed articles, books, policy reports, and academic databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, JSTOR, Web of Science, and AJOL (2010–2025). Findings show that sustainability depends less on continued donor funding and more on institutionalised adaptive leadership, participatory governance, strategic financial management, human resource development, stakeholder engagement, and organisational learning. Participatory project design enhances ownership and continuity, while strong governance improves accountability and resilience. Financial systems support sustainability through budgeting, accountability, and diversified resource mobilisation. Human resource capacity strengthens institutional continuity through skills development, leadership formation, and communication systems. Overall, sustainability is multidimensional and context-dependent, emerging from the interaction of organisational systems, institutional capabilities, and mission-driven governance. A key gap identified is the limited focus on CWRCs as distinct act…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Catholic women
  topic: keywords
subject: Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Human resource
  topic: keywords
subject: Leadership
  topic: keywords
creator: Juliana Syengo
creator: Jeketule Soko
creator: Mellitus N. Wanyama
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Munanie Syengo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-26
publication date: 2026-05-26
starting page: 31
ending page: 49
doi: 10.58721/eajhss.v5i2.1780

Beyond Policy Alignment: Assessing Climate Change Mainstreaming in Local Government Planning in Mwanga District, Tanzania
type: item
description: Climate change poses significant challenges to local development planning, particularly in vulnerable semi-arid regions such as Mwanga District in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. This study assessed the extent of climate change mainstreaming in Mwanga District development planning processes by examining the alignment of district planning documents with national climate change frameworks and evaluating the level of practical integration of climate change considerations into district governance systems. The study employed a mixed-methods approach involving document review, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Policy content analysis and indicator-based assessment were used to evaluate climate change integration through the Policy Alignment Matrix (PAM), Climate Mainstreaming Index (CMI), and the combined Climate Change Alignment and Mainstreaming Index (CCAMI). The findings indicate that Mwanga District achieved a strong overall policy alignment score (PAM = 61.7%) and a strong Climate Mainstreaming Index (CMI = 65%), resulting in an overall CCAMI score of 63.4%, suggesting substantial integration of climate change considerations into district planning processes. However, mainstreaming was uneven across dimensions, with stronger emphasis on climate adaptation, water resource management, environmental conservation, and disaster risk reduction, while climate finance, climate mitigation, and climate information systems remained weakly integrated. Major challenges affecting mainstreaming included a lack of awareness, limited technical capacity, inadequate financial resources, and weak institutional coordination. The study concludes that although Mwanga District has established an important foundation for climate-resilient planning, effective mainstreaming requires strengthened institutional coordination, dedicated climate financing, improved technical capacity, and enhanced climate information systems. The study contributes to local climate governance lite…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate change
  topic: keywords
subject: Government
  topic: keywords
subject: Mainstreaming
  topic: keywords
subject: Policy alignment
  topic: keywords
creator: Fredy L. Maro
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Fredy L. Maro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-03
publication date: 2026-06-03
starting page: 119
ending page: 134
doi: 10.58721/eajhss.v5i2.1778

Assessing Representation Roles in the 12th Parliament of Tanzania 2020-2025
type: item
description: This study examines representation roles in Tanzania's 12th National Assembly (2020–2025) by analysing the relationship between Members of Parliament's (MPs') motivations for seeking office, their expectations of parliamentary service, and their actual representational experiences. A mixed-methods research design was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data were collected from a stratified sample of 195 MPs selected from a population of 382 through questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, and documentary review. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis were used for quantitative data, while thematic analysis was applied to qualitative data. The findings show that 77.9% of MPs reported high or very high realisation of their initial motivations, while 76.9% indicated that their expectations of parliamentary service had been largely fulfilled. A significant relationship was found between MPs' expectations and their perceived level of representation (χ² = 9.1747, p = 0.001), suggesting that expectations shape perceptions of representational effectiveness. Despite these positive assessments, MPs identified major institutional and political constraints, including limited executive responsiveness, inadequate parliamentary support, party dynamics, and persistent public expectations for direct material assistance. The study concludes that parliamentary representation in Tanzania extends beyond formal constitutional responsibilities and is shaped by the interaction of institutional, political, and socio-economic factors. These findings contribute to debates on political representation, democratic accountability, and legislative performance in emerging African democracies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Clientelism
  topic: keywords
subject: Legislative politics
  topic: keywords
subject: Parliament
  topic: keywords
subject: Political representation
  topic: keywords
creator: Saashisha Elinikyo Mafuwe
creator: Ajali M. Nguyahambi
creator: Deodatus P. Shayo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Saashisha E. Mafuwe, Ajali M. Nguyahambi, Deodatus P. Shayo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-07-18
publication date: 2026-07-18
starting page: 379
ending page: 391
doi: 10.58721/hp7vcz92

Household Satisfaction with Water Supply Services in Kinondoni Municipal Council, Tanzania
type: item
description: Although the government and water authorities have been improving urban water supply services, complaints related to water shortages and irregular distribution exist in the Kinondoni Municipal Council. This study aimed to understand the household satisfaction levels with water supply services in Kinondoni Municipal Council, Tanzania. The study employed the cross-sectional research design and used a mixed-method research approach. The simple random sampling technique was used to get 394 heads of households in Kijitonyama and Tandale wards, while the purposive sampling technique was used to obtain 18 key informants and 14 participants for the focus group discussions. The in-depth interviews focus group discussions, household questionnaire survey, and a review of documents were the methods used to collect data. The quantitative data were analysed through descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, while the qualitative data were analysed through content analysis. In this study, the target population comprised households, officials from water authorities, and officials from wards and streets levels within Kinondoni Municipal Council. The results revealed that customers had high satisfaction with water supply services due to the quick response of service providers to complaints or issues (M = 3.52, σ = 1.24). But they had moderate satisfaction with water supply services, particularly on the quality of water (M = 3.21, SD = 1.38), water pressure for household use (M = 3.32, SD = 1.39), affordability of water bills (M = 2.70, SD = 1.35), communication about supply disruptions (M = 2.88, SD = 1.31), and extent to which water supply services meet overall household needs (M = 2.93, SD = 1.37). On the other hand, customers had low satisfaction with water supply services, especially on the availability of water throughout the year (M = 2.49, SD = 1.34) and the reliability of water supply during dry seasons (M = 2.53, SD = 1.58). Furthermore, the results from ordinal logi…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Household
  topic: keywords
subject: Infrastructure
  topic: keywords
subject: Kinondoni
  topic: keywords
subject: Water
  topic: keywords
creator: Isdory Mligo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Isdory Mligo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-05
publication date: 2026-06-05
starting page: 135
ending page: 146
doi: 10.58721/eajhss.v5i2.1772

The Impact of the Fishing Industry on Boys' Academic Performance: A Case Study of North ‘A’ District in Unguja, Zanzibar, Tanzania
type: item
description: This study investigates how participation in the fishing industry affects boys’ academic performance in the North “A” District of Zanzibar. It identifies the types of fishing-related activities undertaken by schoolboys, examines the socio-economic factors driving their involvement, and evaluates the consequences for their education. A mixed-methods approach was used, combining quantitative and qualitative data. The sample included 150 schoolboys selected through purposive and simple random sampling, along with nine key informants who contributed qualitative insights. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages, while qualitative data were examined through content analysis. Findings show that 73% of schoolboys are actively engaged in various fishing activities. Their participation is largely influenced by socio-economic factors, including household poverty, parental occupation, peer pressure, and prevailing community norms. The study further reveals that involvement in fishing negatively impacts academic performance. Key effects include increased absenteeism, reduced school attendance, fatigue, and poor concentration in class, which contribute to poor academic performance. The study concludes that boys’ engagement in fishing significantly undermines their educational outcomes, primarily due to economic pressures and social influences. To address this issue, it recommends the development of targeted interventions aimed at reducing child involvement in fishing while promoting alternative livelihoods for families. Additional recommendations include enforcing child labour laws, offering financial and educational support, introducing flexible learning programmes, raising awareness about the importance of education, and strengthening collaboration among government agencies, schools, NGOs, and community leaders.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fishing
  topic: keywords
subject: Industry
  topic: keywords
subject: Livelihoods
  topic: keywords
subject: Poor performance
  topic: keywords
creator: Hamide Hemed Amour
creator: Mary Lujabiko Kihupi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-17
publication date: 2026-05-17
starting page: 332
ending page: 347
doi: 10.58721/eajhss.v5i1.1767

Strategic Human Resource Planning and Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Kenya’s Aviation Companies
type: item
description: This study examined the influence of Strategic Human Resource Planning (SHRP) on sustainable competitive advantage among aviation companies in Kenya. Grounded in the Resource-Based View and institutional theory, the study adopted an explanatory sequential mixed-methods research design. Quantitative data were collected through a census survey of 360 managers drawn from all 60 aviation companies licensed by the Kenya Civil Aviation Authority, complemented by in-depth interviews with senior managers involved in flight operations planning and operational safety oversight. Strategic Human Resource Planning was operationalised through training and development, workforce gap analysis, and supply and demand forecasting. Quantitative data were analysed using simple linear regression, while qualitative data were thematically analysed to provide explanatory insights. The findings indicate that Strategic Human Resource Planning has a strong and statistically significant influence on sustainable competitive advantage (β = 0.615, p < 0.001), explaining 37.4% of the variance in competitive outcomes (R² = 0.374). Qualitative results further reveal that strategically aligned training programs, systematic identification of skills gaps, proactive workforce forecasting, and regular human resource capability audits enhance workforce readiness, operational continuity, regulatory compliance, and organisational resilience. The study concludes that Strategic Human Resource Planning functions not merely as an administrative support activity, but as a strategic organisational capability that enables aviation firms to achieve and sustain competitive advantage in a highly regulated and skills-intensive environment, with important implications for aviation managers and policymakers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Aviation industry
  topic: keywords
subject: Human resources
  topic: keywords
subject: Planning
  topic: keywords
subject: Workforce
  topic: keywords
creator: Ali Ibrahim Roba
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
starting page: 299
ending page: 311
doi: 10.58721/eajhss.v5i1.1764

Training Needs Assessment and Employee Skills Acquisition: Systematic Review of Strategies, Outcomes, and Best Practices
type: item
description: The implications of Industry 4.0 for workforce reskilling in Sub-Saharan Africa underscore the urgent need for effective employee skills development. Training Needs Assessment (TNA) plays a critical role in aligning workforce competencies with evolving labour market demands and advancing Sustainable Development Goals related to quality education and decent work. This systematic review examined the relationship between TNA and employees’ skills acquisition in Sub-Saharan Africa. Relevant studies were identified through PubMed, Scopus, African Journals Online (AJOL), Google Scholar, and the World Bank Open Knowledge Repository. Study identification, screening, and selection followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, resulting in 23 studies for analysis. Thematic synthesis, supported by a mixed-methods integration of qualitative and quantitative findings, was employed. Methodological quality was assessed using the CASP checklist and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Findings indicate that effective TNA strategies emphasise systematic assessment, stakeholder collaboration, and alignment with labour market needs, resulting in improved performance and employability. However, challenges such as resource constraints and resistance to change persist. The review underscores the importance of context-specific TNA frameworks to strengthen workforce development in Sub-Saharan Africa.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Assessment
  topic: keywords
subject: Sub-Saharan Africa
  topic: keywords
subject: Training
  topic: keywords
subject: Workforce
  topic: keywords
creator: Gasper Kissoka
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Gasper Kissoka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-24
publication date: 2026-05-24
starting page: 1
ending page: 15
doi: 10.58721/eajhss.v5i2.1756

The Influence of Socio-Demographic Characteristics on Community Participation in Water Resource Management in Tanzania: A Case of Water User Associations along Wami–Ruvu Basin
type: item
description: Community participation in water resource management remains a key policy objective in Tanzania, yet evidence on how socio-demographic characteristics shape participation across management processes remains limited. This study examined the influence of socio-demographic factors on community participation in water resource management among Water User Associations (WUAs) in the Wami–Ruvu Basin, Tanzania. A cross-sectional research design was employed, involving 385 WUA members selected from a population of 5,546 registered members using multistage sampling. Data were collected through household questionnaires, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression, while qualitative data were analysed thematically. The findings indicate that participation varied significantly across socio-demographic groups and water management stages. Occupation was a strong predictor of participation, with crop farmers more likely to participate in identification (OR = 2.075, p = 0.002) and planning (OR = 2.160, p = 0.001). Men were more likely to participate in implementation (+5.0 percentage points, p = 0.012) and evaluation (+7.0 percentage points, p < 0.001) than women. Education significantly influenced monitoring, where respondents with certificate-level education or higher were 13.8 percentage points more likely to participate (p = 0.020). Divorced or separated respondents consistently showed lower participation across all stages. The regression model explained 68.6% of participation variation (Nagelkerke R² = 0.686). The study concludes that community participation in water resource management is socially differentiated, requiring targeted and inclusive interventions to address persistent inequalities and strengthen sustainable water governance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Catchment governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Community
  topic: keywords
subject: Gender equity
  topic: keywords
subject: Water
  topic: keywords
creator: Janeth I. Zemba
creator: Mangasini A. Katundu
creator: Cyril K. Komba
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Janeth I. Zemba, Mangasini A. Katundu, Cyril K. Komba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
starting page: 278
ending page: 293
doi: 10.58721/6f8rnz22

Levels and determinants of perceived stress among psychiatric nurses working at Mathari National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kenya
type: item
description: Care giving for individuals with demanding mental health conditions exposes psychiatric nurses to unique challenges in their role and the potential for development of stress, which could impact their quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived stress and the quality of life among psychiatric nurses at Mathari National Teaching and Referral Hospital (MNTRH), Nairobi, Kenya. The study objectives were to assess the levels of perceived stress and examine the factors contributing to perceived stress at MNTRH. This study was anchored on the Systematic Theory of Stress and Lazarus' Theory of Stress. A quantitative approach with a correlational design was used to conduct the study using a census sampling with a sample size of 120 psychiatric nurses. The sample included both male and female aged between 21 and 60 years. Respondents’ demographic characteristics were collected using a socio-demographic questionnaire. SPSS V 29 was used in data analysis. The findings showed that the perceived stress levels were moderate (82.8%). Age, gender, marital status, years of experience, qualification, work setting, shift type, and weekly working hours had no statistically significant influence on the stress levels experienced by the psychiatric nurses. The study observed moderate perceived stress among the psychiatric nurses. No demographic factor was observed to significantly influence the perceived stress. The study findings indicate that more emphasis should be placed on the practice rather than the background factors of the psychiatric nurses.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hospital
  topic: keywords
subject: Mental health
  topic: keywords
subject: Psychiatric nurses
  topic: keywords
subject: Stress
  topic: keywords
creator: Shraddha Tripathi
creator: Susan Chemtai Changorok
creator: Vincent Munywoki
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Shraddha Tripathi, Susan Chemtai Changorok, Vincent Munywoki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-13
publication date: 2026-05-13
starting page: 263
ending page: 276
doi: 10.58721/eajhss.v5i1.1744

Technological Ecology Theory: A TVET Lecturer Development Model for Understanding Human Development in Technological Environments
type: item
description: The Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) artificial intelligence field is becoming increasingly sophisticated and complex. Consequently, a deeper analysis was required of lecturer development in the face of the evolving technological environment. The emphasis on the specific characteristics of an individual does not consider the larger ecological and structural drivers of technological adoption. The report introduces Technological Ecology Theory (TET), an ecological model developed through a qualitative study exploring the relationship between Mechanical Engineering lecturers and AI. TET integrates the Ecological Systems Theory (EST), the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework, and the structural realities of TVET institutions. This integration provides a comprehensive ecological perspective on how lecturers adapt to AI within Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions, where challenges such as industry misalignment constrain effective AI integration and necessitate a contextualised model. The model portrays the lecturer training process in an ecological manner, which is shaped by organisational structures, environments surrounding teaching/learning, resource allocation, and job-specific experience. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of recognising multilevel influences on lecturer development, including institutional policies, community engagement, and technological infrastructure. By adopting TET, stakeholders in TVET can better design curriculum, training programmes, and support systems that address both individual competencies and the broader system dynamics impacting AI adoption. Ultimately, this ecological approach offers a framework to enhance the responsiveness and effectiveness of lecturer development, facilitating improved integration of AI technologies in teaching and learning.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Ecological Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Training
  topic: keywords
subject: Vocational Education
  topic: keywords
creator: Percy Thabiso Mhlanga
creator: Thokozani Isaac Mtshali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Percy Thabiso Mhlanga, Thokozani Isaac Mtshali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-15
publication date: 2026-05-15
starting page: 288
ending page: 298
doi: 10.58721/eajhss.v5i1.1729

Strategic Flexibility and the Effectiveness of Quality Management Systems: Evidence from Medium-Sized Manufacturing Firms in Nairobi County, Kenya
type: item
description: This study investigated the effect of Strategic Flexibility on the effectiveness of Quality Management Systems (QMS) in medium-sized manufacturing firms in Nairobi County, Kenya. Guided by Dynamic Capability Theory and adopting a pragmatist mixed-methods design, data were collected from 221 respondents drawn through stratified random sampling from 496 ISO 9001:2015 certified firms. Quantitative data from quality, operations, and technical managers were analysed using SPSS version 27, while qualitative insights from 14 purposively selected senior managers were analysed using NVivo 14 through thematic coding. The two data strands were integrated sequentially, with qualitative findings used to triangulate and provide a deeper contextual explanation of the statistical results. Results show that Strategic Flexibility, reflected in market responsiveness, financial and HR flexibility, cross-functional collaboration, contingency planning, product diversification, strategic foresight, and organisational resilience, was a strong predictor of QMS effectiveness, explaining 32.4% of the variance (R² = 0.324, β = 0.276, p < 0.001). Qualitative evidence further revealed that flexible firms experienced better process consistency, reduced inefficiencies, and improved product quality. The study concludes that Strategic Flexibility is a critical dynamic capability that enhances QMS effectiveness by supporting agile resource allocation, proactive risk mitigation, and continuous improvement. Strengthening organisational flexibility mechanisms is recommended to maximise the benefits of ISO 9001:2015 and improve manufacturing performance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Firms
  topic: keywords
subject: Dynamic capabilities
  topic: keywords
subject: Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Nairobi County
  topic: keywords
creator: Amos Kings Otieno Orwa
creator: Paul Katuse
creator: Timothy C. Okech
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Amos Kings Otieno Orwa, Paul Katuse, Timothy C. Okech https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-24
publication date: 2026-05-24
starting page: 16
ending page: 30
doi: 10.58721/eajhss.v5i2.1724

Oral Tradition and Intergenerational Transmission of Musical Knowledge in Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom: The Ensegu (flute) Tradition — An Empirical Study in Hoima City
type: item
description: The Ensegu (flute) ensemble occupies a central yet undocumented place in the ceremonial life of Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom, western Uganda. Despite its indispensable role at the annual Empango royal coronation ceremony , its intergenerational transmission mechanisms have received no empirical investigation. This phenomenological qualitative study examined how musical knowledge is transmitted within the Ensegu tradition among master musicians, craftsmen, and apprentices in Hoima City , Uganda. Data were collected between February and July 2024 through in-depth interviews, field observations at rehearsals and the June 2024 Empango ceremony, and audio recordings. Sixteen participants were recruited through purposive sampling from a community of over forty learners, comprising two master players and instrument makers, four experienced ensemble musicians, three cultural leaders, and seven apprentices. Thematic analysis revealed six interconnected transmission mechanisms: sonic role differentiation, ceremonial apprenticeship immersion, melodic interlocking pedagogy , master-to-apprentice oral coaching, cultural memory activation through Runyoro song texts, and instrument craft transmission. The Ensegu tradition constitutes a distributed pedagogical system in which musical technique, ensemble intelligence, cultural identity, and craft knowledge are transmitted as an integrated whole. Findings carry implications for decolonial music education policy and integration of indigenous pedagogical models into Uganda's Competency-Based Curriculum.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ensegu flutes
  topic: keywords
subject: Hocketing
  topic: keywords
subject: Kingdom
  topic: keywords
subject: Oral tradition
  topic: keywords
creator: Nicholas Busobozi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nicholas Busobozi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-19
publication date: 2026-06-19
starting page: 261
ending page: 277
doi: 10.58721/nag09f96

Experiences of People living with Diagnosis of Esophageal Cancer: Case of Eastern Cape Municipalities, South Africa: A Phenomenological Study
type: item
description: Esophageal cancer is a major health issue in South Africa, especially in rural areas of the Eastern Cape, which has the highest incidence rates. While risk factors are well studied, there is limited research on patients’ lived experiences of diagnosis, treatment, and survival. This study explored the lived experiences of individuals diagnosed with esophageal cancer in Eastern Cape municipalities, examining their diagnostic journeys, coping mechanisms through treatment, and perceptions of existing support structures. A qualitative phenomenological design was employed; 12 participants (9 females, three males) aged 47-59 years were purposively sampled from three hospitals in Buffalo City, O.R. Tambo, and Amathole municipalities. In-depth semi-structured interviews were used. Data was analysed using Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis, guided by the Health Belief Model and Health Promotion Model. Three major themes emerged: (1) Delayed diagnosis due to late help-seeking, use of traditional healing, severe symptoms including dysphagia, haemoptysis, and weight loss; (2) Coping through treatment involving chemotherapy and radiation therapy with substantial side effects and financial burden; (3) Reliance on family support alongside gaps in health education, access to cancer services, and financial help for proper nutrition. The findings show that managing esophageal cancer in rural South Africa involves a mix of medical, traditional, and family care. They highlight the need for better community education on early symptoms, improved access to treatment facilities, emotional and financial support for patients. The study recommends healthcare policies that are patient-centred, respect cultural practices, and ensure access to proper medical treatment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Esophageal cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: Lived experiences
  topic: keywords
subject: Patient support
  topic: keywords
subject: Traditional healing
  topic: keywords
creator: Gila Sipokazi Nocawe
creator: Rendani Tshifhumulo
creator: Nelly Sharpley
creator: Eugene Jamot Ndebia
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-23
publication date: 2026-04-23
starting page: 215
ending page: 228
doi: 10.58721/eajhss.v5i1.1712

Analysis of the Underlying and Proximate Drivers of Land Conflicts in Post-Conflict Gulu City, Northern Uganda
type: item
description: Land conflicts are increasingly common in rapidly urbanising post-conflict cities, where rising land demand interacts with weak governance and evolving tenure systems. This study examined the underlying and proximate drivers of land conflicts and how socio-economic and demographic characteristics influence the likelihood of experiencing the drivers in post-conflict Gulu City, Northern Uganda. A mixed-methods approach was employed, and data were obtained from 416 households using household surveys, 36 key informant interviews, and 06 focus group discussions. Quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27 with descriptive statistics and logistic regression, while qualitative data were thematically analysed. Most (72.6%) respondents identified inadequate formal land registration as the underlying driver, while 82.2% cited rising land demand as a proximate driver. The analysis for this study relied heavily on self-reported data, which may be affected by recall bias. The study demonstrated that level of education, land ownership arrangements, religion, land size, and displacement histories significantly shape respondents’ likelihood of experiencing underlying and proximate drivers of land conflicts, notably loss of customary land tenure custodians, corruption, rising materialism and greed, fraudulent practices, rising land demand, urban expansion, and population growth. The findings demonstrated that increasing competition for land, coupled with inadequate formalisation of land ownership, continues to undermine tenure security and fuel land conflicts in post-conflict Gulu City. It, therefore, recommends that policymakers prioritise affordable and accessible formal land registration systems alongside strengthened urban land-use planning to manage rising land demand and reduce land conflicts in post-conflict Gulu City.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: City
  topic: keywords
subject: Land conflicts
  topic: keywords
subject: Political economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Proximate drivers
  topic: keywords
creator: Betty Adoch
creator: Paul Isolo Mukwaya
creator: Patrick Byakagaba
creator: Frank Mugagga
creator: Caroline Aboda
creator: Henry Musoke Semakula
creator: Shuaib Lwasa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Betty Adoch, Paul Isolo Mukwaya, Patrick Byakagaba, Frank Mugagga, Caroline Aboda, Henry Musoke Semakula, Shuaib Lwasa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-17
publication date: 2026-05-17
starting page: 312
ending page: 331
doi: 10.58721/eajhss.v5i1.1709

Living with Giants: Community Perceptions of Elephants in the Nyerere National Park, Tanzania
type: item
description: This study examined community perceptions of elephants and elephant conservation in villages adjacent to Nyerere National Park in Tanzania, focusing on how human-elephant interactions shape these perceptions. A qualitative research design was adopted, using in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and observation conducted in 2025 in Kisaki and Mngazi villages. Thematic analysis was used to interpret participants' lived experiences and the meanings attached to elephants and conservation. The findings show mixed perceptions, where some community members view elephants as an important economic asset linked to tourism and national revenue. At the same time, the majority perceive them as a threat due to recurrent crop raiding, livelihood losses, and risks to human safety. These negative experiences significantly shape attitudes toward elephant conservation, leading some participants to feel fear and resistance. Perceptions are influenced by direct exposure to conflict, livelihood dependence, and experiences of institutional response. The study is limited by its qualitative design and focus on two villages, which may limit generalisability to other contexts. However, the findings highlight the need for conservation authorities to strengthen human-elephant conflict mitigation strategies, improve benefit-sharing mechanisms, and integrate community experiences into conservation planning to promote coexistence.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Conflict
  topic: keywords
subject: Conservation
  topic: keywords
subject: Elephant
  topic: keywords
subject: National Park
  topic: keywords
creator: Matilda Demzee
creator: Gideon Bulengela
creator: Ritha Awe
creator: John Lugis
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Matilda Demzee, Gideon Bulengela, Ritha Awe , John Lugis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-17
publication date: 2026-05-17
starting page: 348
ending page: 361
doi: 10.58721/eajhss.v5i1.1703

The Dynamics of Online Evaluation: Voice from Student Teachers in an Open Distance e-Learning institution
type: item
description: Teacher education programs worldwide aim to balance theoretical knowledge with practical application, with teaching practice serving as a critical component in this process. While teaching practice traditionally involves face-to-face evaluations, such approaches are not always feasible in Open Distance e-Learning (ODeL) contexts due to geographical constraints. Existing studies have explored the virtual teaching practicum and the unique experiences it provides. However, the existing body of literature on the evaluation of student teachers is notably limited, with an even scarcer exploration of their assessment through flexible learning tools. Employing a qualitative survey, guided by technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) as a theoretical framework, this study aimed to examine the dynamics of online evaluation using the voices of student teachers during teaching practice in an ODeL institution. Data were collected through qualitative open-ended questionnaires from 13 purposefully sampled participants in their final year of undergraduate studies who engaged in online evaluations, and the data were analyzed thematically. The findings indicate that most student teachers demonstrated adequate preparedness for online evaluations and that the TPACK of university supervisors enabled them to provide constructive feedback. Online evaluations were further valued for their flexibility in overcoming logistical barriers and for fostering technological competence among student teachers. Findings revealed that Technological Knowledge (TK) and Technological Pedagogical Knowledge (TPK) were the most critical domains influencing the effectiveness of online teaching practice supervision. Findings indicate that participants demonstrated adequate TK in using mobile devices and digital platforms such as WhatsApp and Microsoft Teams. However, challenges related to connectivity, infrastructure, and limited platform familiarity constrained the effective enactment of TPK during …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: e-Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Evaluation
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital readiness
  topic: keywords
subject: Student teachers
  topic: keywords
creator: Mbusiseni Dube
creator: Carlo Daniels
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mbusiseni Dube, Carlo Daniels https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-06-03
publication date: 2026-06-03
starting page: 105
ending page: 118
doi: 10.58721/eajhss.v5i2.1688

Effect of Emotional Intelligence on Employee Performance in the Banking Sector of North-Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo
type: item
description: In modern organisations, particularly in service-oriented sectors such as banking, emotional intelligence is increasingly recognised as a key factor in professional performance. Several international and regional studies have analysed the link between emotional intelligence and job effectiveness. However, empirical evidence regarding this relationship in the context of the banking sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo remains limited. This study aims to analyze the extent to which emotional intelligence quotient influences the performance of employees working in commercial banks in North Kivu province. The research is based on Bar-On's model of emotional intelligence and adopts a descriptive and quantitative methodological approach for data collection and analysis. A sample of 229 employees from eight commercial banks was selected to participate in the study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25, employing descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and regression models. The results reveal a strong, statistically significant, and positive relationship between emotional intelligence and employee performance (r=0.888, p-value <0.01). The findings showed a strong, statistically significant positive relationship between emotional intelligence and employee performance. Social management intelligence was the strongest predictor of performance (R² = 82.1%), followed by emotional intelligence quotient (R² = 78.7%) and self-management intelligence (R² = 78.6%). Performance was measured by target realization, work quality, and cost-effectiveness. In conclusion, emotional intelligence appears to be a major predictor of performance in the Congolese banking sector. Financial institutions are therefore advised to actively promote the development of their employees' emotional skills to improve their professional effectiveness.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Banks
  topic: keywords
subject: Emotional intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Employee
  topic: keywords
subject: Performance
  topic: keywords
creator: Ndagano Fidele
creator: Erastus Thoronjo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ndagano Fidele , Erastus Thoronjo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-05-22
publication date: 2026-05-22
starting page: 362
ending page: 373
doi: 10.58721/eajhss.v5i1.1681

The African Politics of the Dataset: AI, Indigenous Music, and Neo-Colonial Power Dynamics
type: item
description: The proliferation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the creative industries, especially in the context of Indigenous African music, is a deep-rooted political action that builds upon the historical dynamics of power of digital extraction and algorithmic colonialism. While existing scholarship predominantly critiques AI through Western intellectual property paradigms, it largely overlooks the training dataset as a primary site of epistemic violence. Based on a decolonial theoretical framework, this paper fills this gap by arguing that the AI training datasets are political artefacts that fix neo-colonial forms of oppression by freezing dynamic, living cultures to be consumed exogenously. The study utilises a triangulated research design and intentionally uses a multi-regional Pan-African scope of analysis, triangulating three analytical fields: a historical excavation of the 1939 Mbube (Solomon Linda) case in South Africa as an analogue blueprint of extraction; a netnographic study of five highly active industries. The findings reveal a ‘dual architecture’ of digital neo-colonialism, wherein external data colonialism via uncompensated scraping is facilitated by internal structural deficits and outdated post-colonial legislation. Empirically, the netnographic data reveals a phenomenon of ‘silent extraction,’ where grassroots resistance is actively overridden by a consumer-driven adapt or die techno-optimism. To address this perceived epistemic alienation and legal gap, the paper concludes that the way to realize ethical AI is by shifting the paradigm to Indigenous Data Sovereignty (IDSov) and the Collective Benefit, Authority to Control, Responsibility and Ethics (CARE Principles). In direct relation to the structural gaps that were revealed through the research, the paper proposes that the African Musicology Institute (AMI) should be created as a free, sovereign infrastructural centre to manage ethically sourced datasets. Finally, this study alters the academic de…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Afrobeats
  topic: keywords
subject: Amapiano
  topic: keywords
subject: Colonialism
  topic: keywords
subject: Data Sovereignty
  topic: keywords
subject: Netnography
  topic: keywords
creator: Amon Kipyegon Kirui
creator: Brian Bichanga Nyandieka
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Amon Kipyegon Kirui, Brian Bichanga Nyandieka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-25
publication date: 2026-04-25
starting page: 239
ending page: 251
doi: 10.58721/eajhss.v5i1.1674