Eastern African Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences
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Exploring African Indigenous Music in Video Game Programming: A Descriptive Case Study of the Lefa Game
There has been limited use of African indigenous music in video games programming in Africa. Within the rising call for the use of indigenous African music in African-themed games, little is known about the pedagogical strategies for realising this practically. Employing Participatory Culture as a theoretical framework, this study focuses on the utilisation of indigenous African music by undergraduate game design students at a South African university, who employed indigenous African music to embed cultural aesthetics into a game prototype, while attempting to imbibe participatory culture. It employed a practice-based, single-case descriptive pedagogical design, drawn from a cohort where students were tasked with transitioning from passive consumers to active creators. Data were collected through a focus-group with the design team, unstructured interviews with four independent peer-reviewers, and a multimodal analysis of the selected Sesotho song, Kulenyane, and the game Lefa. The use of Kulenyane – A Sesotho song, in their video game design, though thematically thin, is an appropriation of its sonic/aesthetic value and cultural familiarity, indicating students’ ability to bridge technology with their cultural markers. The use of the instrumental introduction of Kulenyane in the opening scene, and the vocal part in the last scene, is a testament to an understanding of the use of gradual transition from a sparse instrumental texture to a fuller, vocally driven section supported by layered instrumentation, in creating immersive experience. Practically, this study implies that computer science and game design curricula in Africa must move beyond purely technical instruction to include multimodal cultural asset integration, necessitating the development of accessible indigenous soundbanks for student developers.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Digital Transformation Capabilities and the Competitive Advantage of Commercial Banks in Kenya
The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of digital transformation capabilities on the competitive advantage of commercial banks in Kenya. The study adopted a post-positivist research philosophy and an explanatory research design, guided by Dynamic Capability Theory. The target population consisted of 370 respondents drawn across the 37 commercial banks in Kenya. Stratified random sampling was used to select 192 CEOs and heads of key departments from commercial banks. Primary data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25, statistical software. Descriptive statistics involved frequency distribution, means and standard deviation. The inferential statistics used were Pearson’s coefficient for correlation analysis, Chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, and ordinal logistic regression for hypothesis testing. The descriptive results indicated a high level of Digital Transformation Capabilities among commercial banks (M = 4.322, SD = 0.731), suggesting that organisational restructuring, process reengineering, and cultural change were widely embedded in the banks. The ordinal logistic regression model demonstrated strong explanatory power (Nagelkerke Pseudo-R² = 0.741), while Digital Transformation Capabilities had a positive and statistically significant effect on Competitive Advantage (Estimate = 6.855, p < 0.001). The study concludes that stronger Digital Transformation Capabilities increase the likelihood of higher Competitive Advantage. The findings imply that bank managers should move beyond technology adoption by prioritising organisational restructuring, process reengineering, and cultural change, while the Central Bank of Kenya can strengthen policies and supervisory frameworks that support banks’ digital transformation and organisational readiness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raphael Lekolool, Peter Kiriri, Paul Katuse https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Leading for Growth: Leadership Behaviours in Horticultural Export Firms in Kenya
The horticultural export industry in Kenya is of great economic significance, but it is experiencing a decrease in global market share, labour-management problems, regulatory pressures, and volatile markets. While a manager's leadership behaviours style does not cause structural failures in the global market, it affects the firm's attention, risk interpretation and resource allocation, which in turn affects whether the firm expects or is prepared for volatile demand, high buyer standards, and regulatory disturbances. The study analysed the relationship between leadership behaviours and growth of horticultural export enterprises in Kenya. The research was grounded in Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) theory, which explains how leadership behaviours can influence the quality of leader–employee relationships which in turn influence a firm’s growth. Positivism philosophy and descriptive-correlational research design were applied. The target population was managers of 3948 firms and the sample consisted of 363 respondents, of which 300 responded and returned questionnaires. The self-reporting bias risk was mitigated by using objective financial data for growth. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression were used to analyse data. Transformational leadership had the largest relationship with growth (β = .334) while performance expectation and feedback were the second (β = 0.210), followed by ethical/value-based leadership (β = 0.173) and contingent reward behaviour (β = 0.163). However, leader's agreeableness had no statistically significant relationship with growth (β = 0.086, p = 0.074). The study recommends leadership training systems that focus on transformational leadership practices, ethics, accountability, feedback and innovation, and on performance-based rewards.
Copyright (c) 2026 Moses Simiyu, Veronica Kaluyu, Mary Mutisya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Pre-Service Teachers’ Integration of Indigenous Knowledge Practices into Science Teaching: Evidence of Core Competency Manifestations
This study explored the core competencies evidenced by pre-service teachers as they engaged with Indigenous Knowledge Practices (IKPs) and considered their integration into science teaching during Supported Teaching in Schools (STS) in Ghana. The study focused on pito brewing and akpeteshie distillation as culturally situated contexts through which pre-service teachers examined scientific ideas associated with separation of mixtures and explored connections between indigenous knowledge and formal science education. A qualitative exploratory design was employed. Fifteen purposively selected third-year pre-service teachers undertaking STS in 15 Basic 4 classrooms participated in the study. The interview transcripts and observation notes were analysed thematically. NVivo 2020 was used to organise the qualitative dataset, manage codes and retrieve coded excerpts. The software supported data-management and coding. The findings provided evidence of opportunities for pre-service teachers to demonstrate communication and collaboration, cultural identity and global citizenship, personal development and leadership, and digital literacy. However, evidence of critical thinking and problem-solving and creativity and innovation was limited. The findings suggest that culturally situated IKPs can provide relevant contexts for demonstrating selected core competencies, but their integration alone does not guarantee the development or manifestation of higher-order competencies. The study highlights the importance of deliberately structuring IKP-based science activities to create opportunities for inquiry, analysis, problem-solving and creative thinking. Implications for teacher education and the integration of culturally relevant knowledge into science teaching are discussed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anna Mwinbuabu Naah, Valentina Osei-Himah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Self-Care Practices and Their Association with Psychological Wellbeing among Mothers of Children with Autism in Nairobi County, Kenya
Mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often face diverse caregiving demands that may compromise their psychological wellbeing. However, existing evidence on the factors enabling some mothers to maintain positive psychological wellbeing amid prevailing challenges remains limited, especially in low- and medium-income countries. This study assessed the association between self-care practices and psychological wellbeing among mothers of children with ASD in Nairobi County, Kenya. A quantitative correlational design was employed among 148 mothers recruited through multistage sampling. Data were collected using the Self-Care Assessment Worksheet for Parents and Ryff’s Psychological Wellbeing Scale and analysed using SPSS version 28. Findings revealed that 57.4% of the respondents reported high self-care practices, whereas 39.2% and 3.4% reported moderate and low self-care, respectively. Psychological wellbeing was generally favourable (M = 165.98, SD = 7.26), with most mothers reporting moderate wellbeing. These findings suggest that, despite the prevailing challenges facing caregivers of children with ASD, many mothers were able to maintain adaptive self-care practices and positive psychological functioning. Self-care practices were positively associated with psychological wellbeing (r = .251, p = .002) and significantly predicted wellbeing, accounting for 6.3% of its variance. Household income emerged as the most influential socio-economic factor associated with self-care and psychological wellbeing. The study concludes that self-care contributes to psychological wellbeing among mothers of children with ASD, although the relationship is modest and influenced by broader socio-economic factors. The findings highlight the need to strengthen caregiver support services, self-care education programmes, and economic empowerment initiatives. Further, policies for improving access to autism services, social protection measures and financial support are critical to improve caregiver wellbeing and promote more sustainable ASD caregiving outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mehreen Farrukh, Stella Nyagwencha, Ruthie Rono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Gender Differences in Symptom Presentations of ASRS-Based Probable Adult ADHD Among Patients Receiving Treatment for Substance Use Disorders in Nairobi, Kenya
Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) commonly co-occurs with Substance Use Disorders (SUDs), yet evidence regarding gender differences in ADHD symptom presentations among treatment-seeking populations in Sub-Saharan Africa remains limited. Understanding these differences is important for improving the identification and clinical assessment of co-occurring ADHD and SUDs. This study examined gender differences in ASRS-based probable Adult ADHD presentations among patients receiving treatment for SUDs in selected rehabilitation centres in Nairobi, Kenya. A quantitative cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 322 adults receiving treatment for SUDs. Adult ADHD symptoms were assessed using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS v1.1). Respondents who screened positive and met DSM-5-TR-aligned criteria, including symptom onset before 12 years of age, were classified into predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive–impulsive, or combined presentations according to symptom domain thresholds. Of the 322 participants, 90 met the criteria for ASRS-based probable Adult ADHD and formed the screen-positive analytical sample. Descriptive statistics summarised ADHD presentations, while the chi-square test of independence examined the association between gender and ADHD presentation. Significant gender differences were observed, Ï‡²(2, N = 90) = 38.00, p < .001, Cramer's V = .65. Among males, the combined presentation predominated (71.7%), whereas females were more frequently classified as having the inattentive presentation (59.5%). These findings demonstrate gender differences in ASRS-based probable ADHD presentations among screen-positive adults receiving treatment for SUDs and may inform ADHD screening and assessment practices in comparable rehabilitation settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lucy Wanjiku Murage, Stella Nyagwencha, Michael Kihara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Prevalence and Symptom Presentations of ASRS-Based Probable Adult ADHD Among Patients with Substance Use Disorders in Rehabilitation Centres in Nairobi, Kenya
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) commonly persists into adulthood and frequently co-occurs with Substance Use Disorders (SUDs), yet evidence from low- and middle-income countries remains limited. This study examined the prevalence and symptom presentations of ASRS-based probable Adult ADHD among adults receiving treatment for SUDs in selected rehabilitation centres in Nairobi, Kenya. A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 322 adults recruited through total enumeration from six rehabilitation centres. Adult ADHD symptoms were assessed using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS v1.1). Overall, 90 of the 322 participants (28.0%) met the criteria for ASRS-based probable Adult ADHD. Among respondents classified as having ASRS-based probable ADHD, the combined presentation was the most prevalent (58.9%), followed by the predominantly inattentive (26.7%) and predominantly hyperactive–impulsive (14.4%) presentations. These findings indicate that ASRS-based probable Adult ADHD was identified in more than one-quarter of adults receiving treatment for SUDs and that the combined presentation predominated among screen-positive respondents. The findings contribute to the limited evidence on ASRS-based probable Adult ADHD among treatment-seeking adults in Sub-Saharan Africa and may inform future research and review of ADHD screening practices in comparable rehabilitation settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lucy Wanjiku Murage, Michael Kihara, Stella Nyagwencha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Platformed Invisibility: Algorithmic Discrimination and the Sustainability of African Music - A Scoping Review
Music streaming platforms and short video services have become dominant intermediaries in the global circulation of African music, yet mounting evidence suggests they simultaneously reproduce structural disadvantages for African artists, genres, and audiences. This scoping review synthesises the interdisciplinary literature on how algorithmic systems, revenue models, and data governance regimes produce what we conceptualise as platformed invisibility: the systematic, opaque, and technologically mediated marginalisation of non-Western cultural expression on ostensibly universal digital infrastructures. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) and Joanna Briggs Institute methodology, we searched seven bibliographic databases, targeted grey literature, and hand searched six leading journals for records published between January 2015 and June 2026. A total of 1,033 records were screened; 41 met inclusion criteria and were charted using an a priori extraction form. Narrative synthesis identifies four interlocking mechanisms, namely construct, method and item bias, algorithmic opacity, popularity feedback loops, and demographic and geographic skew, that operate within a political economy of data extractivism and infrastructural dependency. Countervailing interventions cluster around trustworthy artificial intelligence, data sovereignty, intellectual property reform, culturally grounded datasets, decolonial pedagogy, and Afrofuturist design imaginaries. The review advances three contributions: a conceptual definition of platformed invisibility that distinguishes it from adjacent constructs; a mapping of the mechanisms to interventions terrain; and a research agenda for empirical audits of African music on major streaming platforms. Findings underscore that algorithmic fairness for African music cannot be achieved through platform tweaks alone but requires structural decolonisation of technology, economy, and epistemology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amon Kipyegon Kirui, Mercy Munene https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Undergraduate Students' Perceptions of Peer Influence on Homosexual Behaviours in Selected Kenyan Public Universities
University students are in a critical stage of sexual identity exploration and seek to conform to their peers for social acceptance. Peer influence becomes a significant factor that shapes young people’s perception of sexual behaviour. This study examines the undergraduate students' perceptions of peer influence on homosexual behaviours in selected Kenyan Public Universities. Social Cognitive Theory of Albert Bandura guided the study. Using a convergent parallel mixed-method research design, data was collected through questionnaire, an interview schedule and a focus group discussion guide from 225 undergraduate students, 40 peer counsellors and 4 university counsellors. Collected data was analysed with the aid of SPSS software using both descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation while inferential statistics such as Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used. The study revealed that there is no significant difference in undergraduate students’ perceptions of peer influence on homosexual behaviours across the selected universities (F = .410, p = .746). Both quantitative and qualitative findings revealed that students strongly perceived that peer influence contributes to the practice of homosexual behaviours among youth at Kenyan universities. 83.7 % of undergraduate students perceived that students engage in homosexual behaviours because of peer influence. The university counsellors indicated that financial gains and the need to fit in a group contribute to homosexual behaviours. The peer counsellors stated that the need to belong and recommendation by their friends contributes to homosexual behaviours. The study recommends that assertiveness training should be strengthened and emphasised in university curricula to help students confidently say no to any unwanted peer influence. The study also recommends that university counsellors should continue to provide non-judgemental guidance to students who are navigating social pressure.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alice Wairimu Omondi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Generation that Refused to Inherit? Political Socialisation, Digital Counter-Publics and Kenya's Contested Generational Transition, 2024-2025
Kenya's Gen Z uprising began on 18 June 2024 and peaked between 25 June and mid-July 2024, when nationwide demonstrations against the Finance Bill 2024 forced the Bill's withdrawal and the Cabinet's dissolution. It recurred, in altered form and with different proximate triggers, through the protests of June and July 2025. Existing analyses have interpreted the uprising principally through digital mobilisation. This article argues that such accounts describe the mechanism of coordination while leaving unexplained the process of political formation that accompanied it. We advance the Socialisation Rupture model – inherited socialisation order, reproduction failure, counter-socialisation and coercive backlash – to argue that the uprising indexes a rupture in the intergenerational transmission of political identity, in which ethnicity, patronage, family-based loyalty and organised religion no longer reliably reproduce inherited orientations among a stratum of urban, educated, digitally connected young Kenyans. Following Tufekci (2017), we treat digital platforms not as neutral instruments but as agents of socialisation in their own right, alongside shared economic precarity and the 2010 Constitution as civic discourse. Methodologically, the article is a qualitative, theory-building case study; its evidentiary base is a purposively assembled documentary corpus of published scholarship, human rights documentation and the movement's publicly archived discursive repertoire, covering 18 June 2024 to 7 July 2025, analysed through qualitative content analysis and abductive pattern-matching. The article defends a conditional claim. A rupture in transmission is evident; a completed transformation of social reproduction is not. The political elite's post-2024 resurrection of ethnic bargaining and co-optation through the broad-based government shows that reproduction failure is uneven, contested, and potentially reversible. The contribution is an extension of Mannheim's sociology of generations to the digital Global South, not a rival theory of collective action.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamed Hussein Abdiweli, Steve Ouma Akoth https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
WASH Barriers to Neglected Tropical Disease Prevention Practices in Primary Schools: A Case Study of Bunyala Sub-County, Kenya
Neglected tropical diseases targeted for management and eradication by the year 2030 depend heavily on water, sanitation, and hygiene. Clean water and hygienic conditions are crucial in reducing exposure to diseases; while sanitation is crucial in management of various Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). This is particularly vital in schools, where children are often highly vulnerable to infection, and where good hygiene practices are taught and reinforced. Despite the Kenya School Health Policy and the Constitution of Kenya aiming at reducing Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH)-related diseases and ensuring access to clean water and adequate sanitation in schools, there has been a reported increase in the prevalence of these diseases, including NTDs. The study was conducted in Bunyala Sub-County, using a cross-sectional study design. It employed a purposive sampling method to select 2 wards out of the 4 wards in the sub-county; and 2 primary schools per the selected wards. Data was collected using observation checklists. Three major themes emerged through a critical thematic analysis of the school profiles and sanitation facilities: inadequacy of sanitation facilities, gender disparity in infrastructure, and gaps in inclusion of special needs and hygiene. The study concluded that the physical environment in schools poses a severe threat to the health education interventions intended to improve pupils’ practices on NTD prevention; and recommended expansion of infrastructure to cater for the large population, construct integrated WASH blocks, and address systemic environmental risks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Concilia M. Ogombo, Maximilla Wanzala, Tom Were https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Smallholder farmers Adoption of Integrated Pest Management Practices under Changing Climate in Morogoro District Council, Tanzania
Climate variability in Morogoro District has increased pest occurrence and reduced crop productivity. Despite government efforts to promote integrated pest management (IPM), adoption among farmers remains constrained. This study aimed to understand smallholder farmers adoption of IPM practices under changing climate in Morogoro District, Tanzania. A convergent parallel mixed-methods research design was employed. Simple random sampling was used to select 387 household heads engaged in crop farming. Purposive sampling was used to select 8 key informants for in-depth interviews and 24 participants for focus group discussions. The in-depth interview with key informants, focus group discussions and a household questionnaire survey were used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used to analyses quantitative data on farmers' perceptions of IPM and factors influencing IPM adoption using the IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20, while qualitative data were analysed using content analysis through NVivo Version 11. The results indicated that respondents had a moderate perception of IPM practices, with an overall mean score of 3.04. The most adopted IPM practices among farmers included crop rotation, resistant crop varieties, intercropping, and careful pesticide use. The binary logistic regression model results show that education, sex, access to extension services, membership in farmer groups, and access to financial support significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the adoption of IPM practices. The study concludes that farmers in Morogoro District had moderate perceptions and adoption of IPM practices. It recommends that the government strengthen extension services, financial support, and climate-responsive interventions to enhance farmers’ IPM adoption.
Copyright (c) 2026 Isdory Mligo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Strategic Safety Management System and Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Kenya's Aviation Companies
Kenya's aviation companies operate under intensifying regulatory scrutiny, rising operational costs, and mounting competition from heavily capitalised regional carriers, yet most treat safety management as a compliance obligation rather than a source of competitive strength. This study examined the influence of Strategic Safety Management Systems (SSMS) on Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA) in Kenya's aviation industry. SSMS comprised four components–Strategic Aircraft Maintenance System (SAMS), Strategic Flight Operations Management (SFOM), Strategic Quality Management System (SQMS), and Strategic Human Resource Planning (SHRP)–with Regulatory Compliance (RC) as a moderator. Anchored on Stakeholder and Total Quality Management (TQM) theories, it adopted a positivist, sequential mixed-methods design integrating quantitative and qualitative evidence through triangulation. Quantitative data were collected from 192 managers across all 60 Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA)-licensed firms, yielding an 89% response rate (n = 171), and qualitative data from 21 key informants. Separate regressions showed SQMS (R² = 0.413), SFOM (R² = 0.389), SAMS (R² = 0.358), and SHRP (R² = 0.374) each significantly predicted SCA (p < 0.001). A stepwise multiple regression with RC explained 53.0% of the variance (Adjusted R² = 0.519), RC significantly moderating all SSMS–SCA relationships. Qualitative findings triangulated these results, underscoring proactive safety culture, structured audits, management commitment, and competent workforces as enablers. The study advances Stakeholder and TQM theory by showing that strategically embedded safety and quality practices become stakeholder-legitimising capabilities yielding durable competitive value. It recommends integrated SSMS implementation, real-time safety monitoring, HR capability audits, and repositioning regulatory compliance as a strategic asset.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Ibrahim Roba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Assessing Digital Governance Initiatives and Equitable, Inclusive Service Delivery in Kenya: A Case of Kisumu, Busia and Kakamega Counties
This study evaluates digital governance initiatives and equitable and inclusive service delivery within the Kenyan context with a focus on Kisumu, Busia, and Kakamega counties. The study employs a convergent parallel mixed-methods design, and triangulates data from two complementary sources: (i) citizen surveys, (ii) semi-structured interviews with key county officials. Surveys with citizens across the three counties capture patterns of awareness, usage, and satisfaction with digital government services. On the other hand, Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with county officials provide insider perspectives on policy implementation, operational challenges, and capacity issues. Survey data is analysed using descriptive statistics, while interview data is subjected to thematic analysis, with findings integrated through triangulation. The findings establish that in these counties, citizens perceive digital governance initiatives as contributing to enhanced efficiency of service delivery through shorter service processing times, greater transparency in service processes, and reduced reliance on physical visits. However, substantial inequalities persist in access and utilisation. In other words, digital governance visibility is outpacing digital inclusion, a trend associated with poor digital infrastructure, lack of digital affordability, digital literacy gaps, technological complexity, and social and demographic inequalities across the counties. The study concludes that for digital governance to be truly inclusive, targeted investments in digital infrastructure, affordable connectivity, digital literacy, user-centred platform design, and citizen awareness initiatives are required at the county-level.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nancy Gakahu, David Barasa, Evans Oruta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Customer Profiling Practices and Growth of Retail, Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are widely recognised for their contribution to employment, innovation, and sustainable growth. However, their growth remains a significant challenge, since the majority of them fail within their first few years of operation. This study examined the relationship between customer profiling practices and the growth of retail Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study adopted a positivist research philosophy and a descriptive correlational design. The study population included 199,600 registered retail SMEs in Nairobi County. A sample of 439 SMEs was determined using Yamane’s sample size determination formula and selected through stratified and simple random sampling techniques, with data gathered using structured questionnaires between July and September 2025. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics including frequency, mean, and standard deviation, and inferential statistics including Pearson correlation and simple linear regression, and was analysed using SPSS Version 30. Findings revealed that customer profiling practices have a strong positive correlation (r = 0.777) with SME growth, explaining 60.4% of growth variation. That is, SMEs that effectively implement customer profiling practices tend to experience higher levels of growth. The study concludes that customer profiling practices significantly enhance the growth of retail SMEs in Nairobi County by improving marketing effectiveness, operational efficiency, and competitiveness. It recommends formalising data-driven profiling systems, investing in affordable analytics tools, strengthening staff capacity, and promoting supportive policies for SME digital transformation and resource access.
Copyright (c) 2026 Philip M. Ole Kamwaro, Damary Sikalieh, Charity Muraguri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Perceived Teacher Reinforcement and Academic Self-Concept Among Low-Achieving Secondary School Students in Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya
This study examined the association between perceived teacher reinforcement and the academic self-concept of low-achieving secondary school students in Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya, where no local evidence links the two for the lowest-achieving learners. Framed by Shavelson and Marsh’s hierarchical model of academic self-concept and reinforcement theory, the study used a cross-sectional, convergent parallel mixed-methods design; because no reinforcement programme was delivered and data were collected at one time point, it reports associations rather than effects. From a population of 25,075 low-achieving students, 964 class teachers and 241 deputy principals, 384 students completed a five-point Likert questionnaire (reinforcement subscale α = 0.85, self-concept subscale α = 0.89) and 68 teachers and 34 deputy principals were interviewed. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and bivariate regression; interview data using reflexive thematic analysis. A statistically significant, moderate positive association emerged between perceived reinforcement and academic self-concept (r = .547, R² = .299), the two sharing about 30 per cent of their variance. Interpersonal, verbal reinforcement (M = 3.54–3.72) was reported more frequently than formal recognition through assemblies and certificates (M = 3.15–3.28), and interview accounts converged on the importance of everyday, effort-focused recognition. Because both measures came from one self-report source at one time, reverse causation and common-method bias cannot be excluded, and the composites are provisional pending factor-analytic validation. Schools should strengthen specific, effort-focused classroom reinforcement, supported by school counselling.
Copyright (c) 2026 Loice Ong'ayo Mukhaye, Rose Atieno Opiyo, Joel Ogutu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Kinship Networks and the Architecture of Peace: Clan-Based Social Capital in Somaliland Post-Conflict Transformation
This article examines the influence of kinship networks and clan-based social capital on Somaliland post-conflict trajectory through a longitudinal comparative case study spanning 1991 to 2026. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork conducted in Hargeisa and the eastern Sanaag region during 2024-2025, documentary sources, and a systematic review of secondary literature, and applying social transformation theory as a comprehensive but not exclusive analytical lens, the article investigates how indigenous institutions particularly the Xeer customary normative framework and the mediating authority of clan elders function as adaptive infrastructures of peace. Somaliland political order is resilient but conditional: while Xeer-based bonding social capital has been essential to governance resilience, its bridging and linking dimensions remain underdeveloped, generating structural exclusions that recent crises have made visible. Analysis of three contemporaneous developments the December 2025 Xeer Ciise conflict in Awdal, where elders used diya (customary compensation) and boundary renegotiation to manage cross-lineage grievances; the October 2025 Erigavo peace conference in Sanaag; and Israel December 2025 bilateral recognition of Somaliland reveals both the adaptive capacity and the structural breaking points of endogenous peace-building. The article further interrogates the 2023 Las Anod war as a genuine hard case that challenges celebratory accounts of Somaliland peace. It concludes that sustainable peace in hybrid political orders requires continuous negotiation of centre periphery relations, inclusive reform of customary institutions, and formal representation of historically excluded groups, including occupational castes and women. The findings contribute to debates on hybrid governance and endogenous social transformation as pathways to locally led peace-building in post-conflict societies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdiweli Mohamed Hussein, Steve Ouma Akoth https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Somalia Paradox of Cultural Sovereignty and Nation-State Identity
This paper examines Somalia paradox of cultural sovereignty and nation-state identity through a longitudinal comparative-historical analysis spanning 1960 to 2026. Despite claims of exceptional cultural and linguistic homogeneity, the state of Somalia can be described as that of persistent fragility. The paper is based on a study that investigated this paradox through three analytical lenses colonial boundary-making, governance malformation and state collapse, and cultural sovereignty as an adaptive precursor to statehood situated within theoretical frameworks drawn from nationalism studies (Gellner, 1983; Anderson, 1983; Smith, 1991), postcolonial state theory (Mamdani, 1996; Herbst, 2000), and the de facto states literature (Jackson, 1990; Caspersen, 2012; Coggins, 2014). Using a qualitative case study methodology, the paper draws on documentary evidence, comparative literature, and critical engagement with recent developments in the self-declared Republic of Somaliland, treated here as an analytically separate, contested polity that has governed itself since 1991 and actively pursues international recognition of its statehood, including the 2025 Awdal crisis, the Erigavo peace conference, and the December 2025 Israeli bilateral recognition. It demonstrates that cultural sovereignty embodied in clan councils, the Xeer customary law system, and hybrid governance structures such as the Guurti functions as a resilient yet conditional form of political order. Somaliland is advanced as the paper central counter-narrative: its institutional design and the 2024 Somaliland-Ethiopia Memorandum of Understanding show flexible sovereignty to be viable on account of its grounding in participatory legitimacy and adaptive traditional institutions. Crucially, the paper argues that these institutions are not merely reproduced but actively reworked through everyday practice, as Somali actors negotiate, contest, and move beyond inherited clan and colonial structures. The paper concludes that sustainable African nationhood must move beyond colonial-era state boundaries and integrate culturally legitimate, decentralised governance structures, while engaging the normative risks this entails.
Police Professionalism and Civilian Oversight in the Management of Political Transition-Related Conflicts in Nairobi City County Informal Settlements
This study examined police professionalism and civilian oversight in the management of political transition-related conflicts in the informal settlements of Nairobi County with reference to Kibera, Mathare, and Mukuru during the 2013, 2017, and 2022 General Elections. The study assessed police adherence to professional policing standards; analysed spatial and socio-economic disparities influencing policing outcomes; evaluated the influence of civilian oversight institutions (COIs) on police professionalism and identified challenges and opportunities shaping professional policing. Guided by social contract and conflict transformation theories, the study adopted pragmatic and interpretivist paradigms within a mixed-methods descriptive survey design. Using the Krejcie and Morgan sampling framework, a sample of 384 respondents was drawn from a target population of 635,282 and proportionately distributed across Kibera (112), Mathare (125), and Mukuru (147) using stratified purposive and random sampling techniques involving police officers, community members, and COI representatives. Data were collected through questionnaires, key informant interviews (KIIs), focus group discussions (FGDs), and documentary review and analysed using descriptive, inferential, and thematic methods. Findings indicated that police professionalism during transition conflicts remained moderate and spatially uneven. The overall police professionalism index (PPI) score of 46% was computed from indicators of legality, accountability, political neutrality, proportional use of force, ethical conduct, and community engagement. Aggressive policing was highest in Mathare (57%), Kibera (48%), and Mukuru (34%). Although civilian oversight improved accountability and procedural compliance, weak enforcement capacity and delayed complaint resolution limited its effectiveness. The study recommends strengthening civilian oversight, decentralising accountability services, and institutionalising professionalism-focused scenario-based policing training during political transitions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Peter Mulesi, Kennedy Onkware, George Lutomia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Evaluating the Level of Reflective Practice Among Pre-Service Teachers in Tumu College of Education, Ghana
A report from the National Teaching Council of Ghana (NTC) shows that the performance of prospective teachers in General Professional Knowledge is dwindling. This calls for the need to assess the performance of final year pre-service teachers on key indicators like reflective practice, which is a cross-cutting issue in the standards set for teacher education in Ghana. This study sought to assess the levels of reflective practice of pre-service teachers in the Tumu College of Education, as well as differences in their reflective practices based on sex and programme of study. The descriptive survey design was used, where a total of 115 respondents who were conveniently sampled responded to a questionnaire. Data were analysed using means, standard deviations, and t-test. Findings of the study show that pre-service teachers reported a moderate level of reflective practice (M=3.27, SD= .75). However, the study found no differences in reflective practice among pre-service teachers based on sex t(113) = .90, p = .373, and programme of study t(113) = -1.07, p = .289. The study recommends that lecturers in Colleges of Education and mentors in partner schools incorporate reflective teaching in the training and mentorship of pre-service teachers through peer reflections during teaching, action research, and journaling, among others.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kassim File Dangor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Political Will in Implementing Administrative Reforms in Selected Councils in Tanzania: An Analysis of the Shortcomings of the Open Performance Review and Appraisal System
This study examined the influence of political will on the implementation of administrative reform, particularly the Open Performance Review and Appraisal System (OPRAS) in the Arusha and Dodoma City Councils. Anchored in Political Economy Theory, the research assessed expressed commitment, budgetary allocation, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, and follow-up actions by political leaders. The study adopted a concurrent mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires from 381 respondents, while qualitative data were obtained from 45 key informant interviews and a review of written documents. A cross-sectional design guided the analysis, with data processed in SPSS Version 23 and thematically analysed. Findings revealed weak political will across all dimensions. Over 54% of respondents rated political leaders' support and follow-up on OPRAS as unsatisfactory, while 52% indicated that budgetary allocations were inadequate and untimely. Monitoring and evaluation mechanisms were perceived as ineffective by 56% of respondents. These deficiencies resulted in delayed promotions, limited training, demotivated employees, and suboptimal service delivery. The study confirms that political leaders often prioritise visible infrastructure projects over administrative reforms like OPRAS due to electoral and patronage considerations. The study concludes that genuine political will is indispensable for the successful implementation of administrative reforms. It recommends stronger budgetary commitment, institutionalised monitoring frameworks, capacity-building for political leaders, and the alignment of OPRAS outcomes with human resource decisions. Without sustained political support, administrative reforms will continue to function as a symbolic rather than a transformative tool in Tanzania's local government authorities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adella O. Nyello https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Post-Donor Sustainability of Development Initiatives among Catholic Women Religious Congregations: A Systematic Literature Review
Post-donor sustainability remains a major challenge for development initiatives implemented by faith-based organisations in the Global South. Catholic Women Religious Congregations (CWRCs) play a significant role in delivering education, healthcare, social protection, livelihoods support, and humanitarian services in marginalised communities. However, declining donor funding, shifting development priorities, and increased donor withdrawal raise concerns about the continuity of their initiatives. This systematic literature review synthesises empirical and theoretical studies on how organisational practices influence post-donor sustainability among CWRCs. It integrates literature on project design, leadership and governance, financial management, and human resource capacity across faith-based organisations, NGOs, and community development programmes. The review followed a systematic approach using thematic synthesis and integrative analysis of peer-reviewed articles, books, policy reports, and academic databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, JSTOR, Web of Science, and AJOL (2010–2025). Findings show that sustainability depends less on continued donor funding and more on institutionalised adaptive leadership, participatory governance, strategic financial management, human resource development, stakeholder engagement, and organisational learning. Participatory project design enhances ownership and continuity, while strong governance improves accountability and resilience. Financial systems support sustainability through budgeting, accountability, and diversified resource mobilisation. Human resource capacity strengthens institutional continuity through skills development, leadership formation, and communication systems. Overall, sustainability is multidimensional and context-dependent, emerging from the interaction of organisational systems, institutional capabilities, and mission-driven governance. A key gap identified is the limited focus on CWRCs as distinct actors, despite their critical role in development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Munanie Syengo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Beyond Policy Alignment: Assessing Climate Change Mainstreaming in Local Government Planning in Mwanga District, Tanzania
Climate change poses significant challenges to local development planning, particularly in vulnerable semi-arid regions such as Mwanga District in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. This study assessed the extent of climate change mainstreaming in Mwanga District development planning processes by examining the alignment of district planning documents with national climate change frameworks and evaluating the level of practical integration of climate change considerations into district governance systems. The study employed a mixed-methods approach involving document review, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. Policy content analysis and indicator-based assessment were used to evaluate climate change integration through the Policy Alignment Matrix (PAM), Climate Mainstreaming Index (CMI), and the combined Climate Change Alignment and Mainstreaming Index (CCAMI). The findings indicate that Mwanga District achieved a strong overall policy alignment score (PAM = 61.7%) and a strong Climate Mainstreaming Index (CMI = 65%), resulting in an overall CCAMI score of 63.4%, suggesting substantial integration of climate change considerations into district planning processes. However, mainstreaming was uneven across dimensions, with stronger emphasis on climate adaptation, water resource management, environmental conservation, and disaster risk reduction, while climate finance, climate mitigation, and climate information systems remained weakly integrated. Major challenges affecting mainstreaming included a lack of awareness, limited technical capacity, inadequate financial resources, and weak institutional coordination. The study concludes that although Mwanga District has established an important foundation for climate-resilient planning, effective mainstreaming requires strengthened institutional coordination, dedicated climate financing, improved technical capacity, and enhanced climate information systems. The study contributes to local climate governance literature by demonstrating the importance of integrating policy coherence and implementation effectiveness in assessing climate change mainstreaming at the local government level.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fredy L. Maro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Assessing Representation Roles in the 12th Parliament of Tanzania 2020-2025
This study examines representation roles in Tanzania's 12th National Assembly (2020–2025) by analysing the relationship between Members of Parliament's (MPs') motivations for seeking office, their expectations of parliamentary service, and their actual representational experiences. A mixed-methods research design was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data were collected from a stratified sample of 195 MPs selected from a population of 382 through questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, and documentary review. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analysis were used for quantitative data, while thematic analysis was applied to qualitative data. The findings show that 77.9% of MPs reported high or very high realisation of their initial motivations, while 76.9% indicated that their expectations of parliamentary service had been largely fulfilled. A significant relationship was found between MPs' expectations and their perceived level of representation (Ï‡² = 9.1747, p = 0.001), suggesting that expectations shape perceptions of representational effectiveness. Despite these positive assessments, MPs identified major institutional and political constraints, including limited executive responsiveness, inadequate parliamentary support, party dynamics, and persistent public expectations for direct material assistance. The study concludes that parliamentary representation in Tanzania extends beyond formal constitutional responsibilities and is shaped by the interaction of institutional, political, and socio-economic factors. These findings contribute to debates on political representation, democratic accountability, and legislative performance in emerging African democracies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saashisha E. Mafuwe, Ajali M. Nguyahambi, Deodatus P. Shayo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Household Satisfaction with Water Supply Services in Kinondoni Municipal Council, Tanzania
Although the government and water authorities have been improving urban water supply services, complaints related to water shortages and irregular distribution exist in the Kinondoni Municipal Council. This study aimed to understand the household satisfaction levels with water supply services in Kinondoni Municipal Council, Tanzania. The study employed the cross-sectional research design and used a mixed-method research approach. The simple random sampling technique was used to get 394 heads of households in Kijitonyama and Tandale wards, while the purposive sampling technique was used to obtain 18 key informants and 14 participants for the focus group discussions. The in-depth interviews focus group discussions, household questionnaire survey, and a review of documents were the methods used to collect data. The quantitative data were analysed through descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, while the qualitative data were analysed through content analysis. In this study, the target population comprised households, officials from water authorities, and officials from wards and streets levels within Kinondoni Municipal Council. The results revealed that customers had high satisfaction with water supply services due to the quick response of service providers to complaints or issues (M = 3.52, σ = 1.24). But they had moderate satisfaction with water supply services, particularly on the quality of water (M = 3.21, SD = 1.38), water pressure for household use (M = 3.32, SD = 1.39), affordability of water bills (M = 2.70, SD = 1.35), communication about supply disruptions (M = 2.88, SD = 1.31), and extent to which water supply services meet overall household needs (M = 2.93, SD = 1.37). On the other hand, customers had low satisfaction with water supply services, especially on the availability of water throughout the year (M = 2.49, SD = 1.34) and the reliability of water supply during dry seasons (M = 2.53, SD = 1.58). Furthermore, the results from ordinal logistic regression model revealed that the reliability of water supply (B = -.483, p = .014), water quality (B = -.592, p = .003), water service affordability (B = -.457, p = .019), responsiveness of service provider (B = -.485, p = .038), and regular maintenance of infrastructure (B = -.460, p = .020) had a statistically significant negative influence on households’ satisfaction with water supply services. These results suggest that unreliable water supply services, poor quality of water, unaffordable water service, unresponsive service provider, and irregular maintenance of infrastructure were less likely to influence higher customer satisfaction with water supply services compared to reliable water service, good water quality, affordable water service, responsive service provider, and regular maintenance of infrastructure. The study recommends that the government, through water utilities, should continue to improve the reliability of water supply, quality of water, affordability of services, responsiveness of service providers, and regular maintenance of infrastructure. Improvements in these areas are essential for enhancing customer satisfaction and ensuring sustainable and effective water service delivery.
The Impact of the Fishing Industry on Boys' Academic Performance: A Case Study of North ”˜A’ District in Unguja, Zanzibar, Tanzania
This study investigates how participation in the fishing industry affects boys’ academic performance in the North “A” District of Zanzibar. It identifies the types of fishing-related activities undertaken by schoolboys, examines the socio-economic factors driving their involvement, and evaluates the consequences for their education. A mixed-methods approach was used, combining quantitative and qualitative data. The sample included 150 schoolboys selected through purposive and simple random sampling, along with nine key informants who contributed qualitative insights. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages, while qualitative data were examined through content analysis. Findings show that 73% of schoolboys are actively engaged in various fishing activities. Their participation is largely influenced by socio-economic factors, including household poverty, parental occupation, peer pressure, and prevailing community norms. The study further reveals that involvement in fishing negatively impacts academic performance. Key effects include increased absenteeism, reduced school attendance, fatigue, and poor concentration in class, which contribute to poor academic performance. The study concludes that boys’ engagement in fishing significantly undermines their educational outcomes, primarily due to economic pressures and social influences. To address this issue, it recommends the development of targeted interventions aimed at reducing child involvement in fishing while promoting alternative livelihoods for families. Additional recommendations include enforcing child labour laws, offering financial and educational support, introducing flexible learning programmes, raising awareness about the importance of education, and strengthening collaboration among government agencies, schools, NGOs, and community leaders.
Strategic Human Resource Planning and Sustainable Competitive Advantage in Kenya’s Aviation Companies
This study examined the influence of Strategic Human Resource Planning (SHRP) on sustainable competitive advantage among aviation companies in Kenya. Grounded in the Resource-Based View and institutional theory, the study adopted an explanatory sequential mixed-methods research design. Quantitative data were collected through a census survey of 360 managers drawn from all 60 aviation companies licensed by the Kenya Civil Aviation Authority, complemented by in-depth interviews with senior managers involved in flight operations planning and operational safety oversight. Strategic Human Resource Planning was operationalised through training and development, workforce gap analysis, and supply and demand forecasting. Quantitative data were analysed using simple linear regression, while qualitative data were thematically analysed to provide explanatory insights. The findings indicate that Strategic Human Resource Planning has a strong and statistically significant influence on sustainable competitive advantage (β = 0.615, p < 0.001), explaining 37.4% of the variance in competitive outcomes (R² = 0.374). Qualitative results further reveal that strategically aligned training programs, systematic identification of skills gaps, proactive workforce forecasting, and regular human resource capability audits enhance workforce readiness, operational continuity, regulatory compliance, and organisational resilience. The study concludes that Strategic Human Resource Planning functions not merely as an administrative support activity, but as a strategic organisational capability that enables aviation firms to achieve and sustain competitive advantage in a highly regulated and skills-intensive environment, with important implications for aviation managers and policymakers.
Training Needs Assessment and Employee Skills Acquisition: Systematic Review of Strategies, Outcomes, and Best Practices
The implications of Industry 4.0 for workforce reskilling in Sub-Saharan Africa underscore the urgent need for effective employee skills development. Training Needs Assessment (TNA) plays a critical role in aligning workforce competencies with evolving labour market demands and advancing Sustainable Development Goals related to quality education and decent work. This systematic review examined the relationship between TNA and employees’ skills acquisition in Sub-Saharan Africa. Relevant studies were identified through PubMed, Scopus, African Journals Online (AJOL), Google Scholar, and the World Bank Open Knowledge Repository. Study identification, screening, and selection followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, resulting in 23 studies for analysis. Thematic synthesis, supported by a mixed-methods integration of qualitative and quantitative findings, was employed. Methodological quality was assessed using the CASP checklist and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Findings indicate that effective TNA strategies emphasise systematic assessment, stakeholder collaboration, and alignment with labour market needs, resulting in improved performance and employability. However, challenges such as resource constraints and resistance to change persist. The review underscores the importance of context-specific TNA frameworks to strengthen workforce development in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gasper Kissoka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
The Influence of Socio-Demographic Characteristics on Community Participation in Water Resource Management in Tanzania: A Case of Water User Associations along Wami-Ruvu Basin
Community participation in water resource management remains a key policy objective in Tanzania, yet evidence on how socio-demographic characteristics shape participation across management processes remains limited. This study examined the influence of socio-demographic factors on community participation in water resource management among Water User Associations (WUAs) in the Wami–Ruvu Basin, Tanzania. A cross-sectional research design was employed, involving 385 WUA members selected from a population of 5,546 registered members using multistage sampling. Data were collected through household questionnaires, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression, while qualitative data were analysed thematically. The findings indicate that participation varied significantly across socio-demographic groups and water management stages. Occupation was a strong predictor of participation, with crop farmers more likely to participate in identification (OR = 2.075, p = 0.002) and planning (OR = 2.160, p = 0.001). Men were more likely to participate in implementation (+5.0 percentage points, p = 0.012) and evaluation (+7.0 percentage points, p < 0.001) than women. Education significantly influenced monitoring, where respondents with certificate-level education or higher were 13.8 percentage points more likely to participate (p = 0.020). Divorced or separated respondents consistently showed lower participation across all stages. The regression model explained 68.6% of participation variation (Nagelkerke R² = 0.686). The study concludes that community participation in water resource management is socially differentiated, requiring targeted and inclusive interventions to address persistent inequalities and strengthen sustainable water governance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Janeth I. Zemba, Mangasini A. Katundu, Cyril K. Komba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Levels and determinants of perceived stress among psychiatric nurses working at Mathari National Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kenya
Care giving for individuals with demanding mental health conditions exposes psychiatric nurses to unique challenges in their role and the potential for development of stress, which could impact their quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived stress and the quality of life among psychiatric nurses at Mathari National Teaching and Referral Hospital (MNTRH), Nairobi, Kenya. The study objectives were to assess the levels of perceived stress and examine the factors contributing to perceived stress at MNTRH. This study was anchored on the Systematic Theory of Stress and Lazarus' Theory of Stress. A quantitative approach with a correlational design was used to conduct the study using a census sampling with a sample size of 120 psychiatric nurses. The sample included both male and female aged between 21 and 60 years. Respondents’ demographic characteristics were collected using a socio-demographic questionnaire. SPSS V 29 was used in data analysis. The findings showed that the perceived stress levels were moderate (82.8%). Age, gender, marital status, years of experience, qualification, work setting, shift type, and weekly working hours had no statistically significant influence on the stress levels experienced by the psychiatric nurses. The study observed moderate perceived stress among the psychiatric nurses. No demographic factor was observed to significantly influence the perceived stress. The study findings indicate that more emphasis should be placed on the practice rather than the background factors of the psychiatric nurses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shraddha Tripathi, Susan Chemtai Changorok, Vincent Munywoki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0