The Mismatch Between Higher Education Outcomes and Labour Market Needs Among Young Graduates in Tanzania: A Systematic Review of Secondary Data

Abstract

This study examines the growing mismatch between higher education outcomes and labour market requirements among young graduates in Tanzania, a challenge that continues to contribute to graduate unemployment and underemployment despite the rapid expansion of higher learning institutions. The purpose of the study was to explore the key factors contributing to this mismatch and identify strategies for improving graduate employability. The study employed a qualitative systematic review guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework. Data were gathered from multiple academic data bases and search engines such as Google scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC and AJOL A total of 150 publications published between 2010 and 2025 were identified, of which 20 met the inclusion criteria and were analysed qualitatively. The findings indicate that the mismatch is largely driven by outdated curricula, limited practical and industrial training, weak collaboration between universities and industries, and inadequate soft skills among graduates. Employers consistently highlighted deficiencies in communication, teamwork, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. The study is limited by its reliance on secondary data and the availability of published literature within the selected period. Nevertheless, the review provides valuable insights into graduate employability challenges in Tanzania. The study recommends strengthening curriculum reforms, improving internship and practical training opportunities, promoting entrepreneurship education, and fostering stronger partnerships between higher learning institutions and industry to better align graduates’ skills with labour market demands.