Ethnic Identity as an Interpretive and Mobilisation Mechanism in the Ethnic Conflict and Insecurity in Isiolo County, Kenya

Abstract

This study examined the relationship between ethnic dynamics and insecurity in Isiolo County, Kenya, focusing on how ethnic identity intersects with resource competition, socioeconomic disparities, political marginalisation, historical grievances and external pressures. The study employed a mixed-methods approach drawing on 76 valid household survey responses and 25 key-informant interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative evidence was analysed thematically. The findings indicate a substantial perceived association between ethnic dynamics and insecurity. Specifically, 70% of respondents reported that ethnic dynamics heightened feelings of vulnerability, while 60% associated ethnic dynamics with insecurity and 52% characterised the relationship between ethnic conflict and insecurity as strong or very strong. Economic disparities between ethnic groups (63%), political marginalisation and manipulation of ethnic identities (58%), competition over scarce water and grazing resources (55%), and historical grievances (53%) were identified as important factors associated with ethnic tensions and insecurity. In addition, 58% of respondents perceived external pressures, including regional insecurity, arms proliferation and climate-related stress, as exacerbating the conflict environment. Drawing on Constructivism, Securitisation Theory and Conflict Transformation Theory, the study argues that ethnic identity is better understood as an interpretive framework through which material, political and historical grievances acquire collective meaning and may become associated with perceptions of threat. The study recommends inclusive governance, equitable resource institutions, preventive dialogue and sustained efforts to transform inter-community relationships and structural inequalities.