Community Livelihood Capability Distress During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Informal Settlements of Kiambu County, Kenya

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted livelihoods in informal settlements in Kiambu County, Kenya, through job losses, food insecurity, restricted movement, and weakened social support systems. This study examined the association between economic status, social well-being, psychological well-being, and community livelihood capability distress among households in informal settlements. A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was adopted. Data were collected from 225 household heads using structured questionnaires through multistage sampling involving purposive, stratified, and simple random sampling techniques. The study is anchored on the Sustainable Livelihood Framework, the Capability Approach, and the Stress and Coping Theory, which collectively explain livelihood capability, adaptive capacity, and psychological responses to socio-economic shocks. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including means, correlation, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that economic status showed the strongest association with livelihood capability distress, followed by social and psychological well-being. Households with stronger social networks, better access to resources, and stable psychological well-being demonstrated greater resilience during the pandemic. Economic instability caused by job losses and business closures was strongly associated with increased livelihood distress. Social engagement and psychological support also contributed to coping and recovery. The study was limited by its cross-sectional design and reliance on self-reported data. The findings provide practical implications for policy makers and development agencies in strengthening economic empowerment, community support systems, and mental health services to enhance resilience in vulnerable urban communities.